LITVINOV Maxim Maksimovich (1876-1951), People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR 272 The world is indivisible. Speech in the Council of the League of Nations January 17. 1935 on the Saar issue “The world is indivisible. (...) There is no security only in one’s own peace and tranquility, if the peace of neighbors - neighbors and

LUNACHARSKY Anatoly Vasilievich (1875-1933), People's Commissar of Education of the USSR 298 Back to Ostrovsky! Title. article - an abbreviated version of the report at the ceremonial meeting in connection with the 100th anniversary of A. N. Ostrovsky (“Silhouettes”, Odessa, 1923, No. 11 and other publications) First, newspaper publication

SOKOLNIKOV Grigory Yakovlevich (1888-1939), People's Commissar of Finance of the RSFSR and the USSR 158 Commanding heights of the economy. “State capitalism and the new financial policy” (1922), sect. “A”, “a” Here – in the form of “commanders of the heights”. About "commanders", or "commanding heights", with reference to

What did the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs V. M. Molotov say when Ambassador Schulenburg, summoned to the Kremlin after Germany's attack on the USSR, conveyed to him a formal declaration of war? Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov could only utter a pitiful phrase: “What are we

Gurdjieff Georgy Ivanovich (1872/1873/1877-1949) - Russian thinker. In his youth, G. developed an interest in anomalous phenomena. In search of “true knowledge” he visited many countries in Central Asia and the Middle East, and spent the rest of his life in Europe and America. At the end of 1913 he created the first

CHELPANOV Georgy Ivanovich (1862-1936) - Russian philosopher, psychologist, logician. He studied at the Faculty of History and Philology of Novorossiysk University in Odessa (at the Grotto). From 1890 he worked at the department of history of philosophy at Moscow University. From 1892 - at Kiev University, from 1897 -

CHICHERIN, Georgy Vasilievich (1872–1936), in 1918–1930. People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR and the USSR 186 Our slogan was and remains the same: peaceful coexistence with other governments, whatever they may be. Report at the meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on June 17, 1920? Chicherin G.V. Articles and speeches. – M.,

) year with quality People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs and was one of the first people's commissariats formed in accordance with the decree "On the establishment of the Council of People's Commissars."

On December 30, 1922, the First Congress of Soviets of the USSR adopted the Treaty on the Formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The second session of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR approved the Constitution of the USSR on July 6, 1923, according to articles 49 and 51 of which the NKID USSR.

On November 12, 1923, the 4th session of the USSR Central Executive Committee approved a new regulation on the NKID of the USSR. The People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs of the Union republics and their representative offices abroad were liquidated. At the same time, Offices of Commissioners of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the USSR were created in the union republics.

In 1923-1925, the head of the Office of the Commissioner of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs of the USSR under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was Viktor Leontievich Kopp, and in 1925-1927 - Semyon Ivanovich Aralov.

In 1944, the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR was recreated. In 1944-1946, Anatoly Iosifovich Lavrentyev was the people's commissar. In 1946 it was reformed into the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR.

In the early 30s, the second period of recognition of the USSR began, when diplomatic relations were established with Spain, the USA, Bulgaria, Hungary, Albania, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Colombia.

In December 1936, in accordance with the newly adopted Constitution of 1936, the NKID changed its name. He began to be called People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, but not for foreign affairs, as it was before.

People's Commissars for Foreign Affairs

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- (NKID USSR or People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs) the state body of the USSR responsible for conducting the foreign policy of the Soviet state in 1923-1946. Contents 1 History 2 Leadership of the People's Commissariat ... Wikipedia

NKVD People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the RSFSR (NKVD RSFSR) the central government body of the RSFSR for combating crime and maintaining public order in 1917-1930. During its existence, the NKVD of the RSFSR carried out... ... Wikipedia

People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs (NKID or Narkomindel) is a state body of the RSFSR / USSR with the rank of a ministry, responsible for the foreign policy of the Soviet state in 1917-1946. History Originally formed by decree... Wikipedia

"SNK" request is redirected here. See also other meanings. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (SNK, Sovnarkom) from July 6, 1923 to March 15, 1946 the highest executive and administrative (in the first period of its existence also legislative) body... ... Wikipedia

People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs (NKID or Narkomindel) is a state body of the RSFSR / USSR with the rank of a ministry, responsible for the foreign policy of the Soviet state in 1917-1946. History Originally formed by decree... Wikipedia

- (NKID or Narkomindel) the central executive state body of the RSFSR, responsible for conducting the foreign policy of the Soviet state in 1917-1923. Contents 1 History 2 Leadership of the People's Commissariat ... Wikipedia

February revolution. Military defeats on the fronts of the First World War and growing economic chaos caused social unrest. In February 1917, grain riots in the capital led to a general strike, which resulted in the abdication... ... Collier's Encyclopedia eBook

On November 8 (10/26 according to the Julian calendar), the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies created the Council of People's Commissars, which included the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs (NKID), Lev Davydovich Trotsky was appointed People's Commissar at Lenin's suggestion. 16

November 11 (10/29 according to the Julian calendar) Trotsky’s order: “Foreign Ministry officials who do not start work before the morning of November 1 will be dismissed without the right to a pension.”

December 5 (11/22 Julian calendar) Employees of foreign missions and consulates of the Russian Republic were asked to answer by telegraph whether they agree to carry out the foreign policy of the Soviet government. Only the charge d'affaires in Portugal and the charge d'affaires in Spain agreed.

December 8 (November 26, Julian calendar) 28 heads of Russian missions were dismissed. Most of the employees of the old Ministry of Foreign Affairs resigned of their own accord; the NKID apparatus at the beginning of December consisted of only 30 people.

Funds in the accounts of Russian embassies abroad were seized by the local authorities until the situation in Russia was clarified. The exception was the embassy in the United States, whose funds, upon the news of the Bolsheviks’ seizure of power, Ambassador B.A. Bakhmetyev transferred to his own account. Until the establishment of diplomatic relations between the USSR and the host countries of the embassies, the buildings of Russian missions abroad continued to be occupied by diplomats appointed by the Provisional Government. On Trotsky's initiative, secret treaties with the Entente countries were published.

1918, March 13, Trotsky left his post, not wanting to sign the Brest Peace Treaty. After Trotsky's resignation, Georgy Vasilyevich Chicherin (1872-1936), People's Commissar from May 30, was appointed temporary deputy people's commissar. In August 1918, the diplomatic corps moved to Arkhangelsk, where Entente troops landed. All foreign diplomats left Russian territory in 1919. At the end of the civil war, the NKID achieved recognition of the Soviet Union by leading European states. The establishment of diplomatic relations meant the subordination of Soviet Russia to the norms of international law. Exception: Soviet diplomats lack traditional ranks. Until 1941, the heads of all Soviet diplomatic missions. missions abroad, regardless of importance, were called plenipotentiary representatives (plenipotentiary representatives), and embassies - plenipotentiary representations (plenipotentiary missions).

1922-1990 any serious foreign policy issues were resolved in the Politburo of the Party Central Committee.

1923 Representative offices of the union republics of the BSSR and Ukrainian SSR abroad ceased their activities. From now on, the NKID had a monopoly on foreign relations.

1933, November 16 Diplomatic relations with the United States are established. US Ambassador William Bullitt is the first foreign diplomat received under Soviet rule in the Kremlin.

1937-1938 Most of the owls diplomats died in an era of mass repression. Some became defectors out of fear. Litvinov miraculously survived in 1941-43. was ambassador to the USA, retired since 1946. Under Chicherin and Litvinov, the ambassador could argue with the People's Commissar, and in case of disagreement, contact the Central Committee. This practice subsequently ceased.

1939, May 3, the NKID was headed by the concurrent chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (1890-1986). On May 4, 1941, the Council of People's Commissars was headed by Stalin, Molotov was appointed "Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and head of foreign policy of the USSR, leaving him as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs." Diplomatic ranks have been established for heads of diplomatic missions. USSR representative offices abroad.

1941, June 22 On the first day of the war with Germany, the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs addressed the Soviet people with an appeal: “Our cause is just. We will win".

1941, October 16 - 1943, August The NKID apparatus and the diplomatic corps were evacuated to Kuibyshev (Samara) - the “alternate capital”. Molotov remained in Moscow with the secretariat and a group of diplomats.

1943, May 23, the Council of People's Commissars established ceremonial and casual (winter and summer) uniforms for diplomats. The everyday uniform was abolished in 1954, the dress uniform existed until 1991. It was tailored according to the officer’s model, and ambassadors were given daggers (according to legend, they were personally proposed by Stalin). The use of the form was suspended in 1991.

1944, February Amendments to the Constitution. The republics of the USSR received the right to enter into relations with other states, and the union republics (including the RSFSR) established their own People's Commissariats for Foreign Affairs.

In the rank of ministry, responsible for the foreign policy of the Soviet state in 1917 -1946.

Story

Initially formed by the decree of the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets on October 26 (November 8) with the quality People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs and was one of the first people's commissariats formed in accordance with the decree "On the establishment of the Council of People's Commissars."

On December 30, 1922, the First Congress of Soviets of the USSR adopted the Treaty on the Formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The second session of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR approved the Constitution of the USSR on July 6, 1923, according to articles 49 and 51 of which the NKID USSR.

On November 12, 1923, the 4th session of the USSR Central Executive Committee approved a new regulation on the NKID of the USSR. The People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs of the Union republics and their representative offices abroad were liquidated. At the same time, Offices of Commissioners of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the USSR were created in the union republics.

In 1923-1925, the head of the Office of the Commissioner of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs of the USSR under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was Viktor Leontievich Kopp, and in 1925-1927 - Semyon Ivanovich Aralov.

In 1944, the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR was recreated. In 1944-1946, Anatoly Iosifovich Lavrentyev was the people's commissar. In 1946 it was reformed into the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR.

In the early 30s, the second period of recognition of the USSR began, when diplomatic relations were established with Spain, the USA, Bulgaria, Hungary, Albania, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Colombia.

In December 1936, in accordance with the newly adopted Constitution of 1936, the NKID changed its name. He began to be called People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, but not for foreign affairs, as it was before.

In NKID reformed into Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR).

People's Commissars for Foreign Affairs

On July 2, 1985, Eduard Shevardnadze took office as Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR. The “dilettante” decided to recall some of the minister’s Soviet colleagues.

Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (party pseudonym, real name - Scriabin) was born on February 25 (March 9), 1890 in the settlement of Kukarka, Kukarsky district, Vyatka province (now the city of Sovetsk, Kirov region) in the family of Mikhail Prokhorovich Scriabin, clerk of the trading house of the merchant Yakov Nebogatikov.

V. M. Molotov spent his childhood years in Vyatka and Nolinsk. In 1902-1908 he studied at the 1st Kazan Real School. In the wake of the events of 1905, he joined the revolutionary movement, and in 1906 he joined the RSDLP. In April 1909, he was first arrested and exiled to the Vologda province.

After serving his exile, in 1911 V. M. Molotov came to St. Petersburg, passed the exams for a real school as an external student and entered the economics department of the Polytechnic Institute. From 1912, he collaborated with the Bolshevik newspaper Zvezda, then became secretary of the editorial board of the newspaper Pravda, and a member of the St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP. During the preparation of the publication of Pravda, I met I.V. Stalin.

After the arrest of the RSDLP faction in the IV State Duma in 1914, he hid under the name Molotov. Since the autumn of 1914, he worked in Moscow to recreate the party organization destroyed by the secret police. In 1915, V. M. Molotov was arrested and exiled to the Irkutsk province for three years. In 1916 he escaped from exile and lived illegally.

V. M. Molotov met the February Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd. He was a delegate to the VII (April) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP (b) (April 24-29, 1917), a delegate to the VI Congress of the RSDLP (b) from the Petrograd organization. He was a member of the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Council and the Military Revolutionary Committee, which led the overthrow of the Provisional Government in October 1917.

After the establishment of Soviet power, V. M. Molotov was in leading party work. In 1919, he was chairman of the Nizhny Novgorod provincial executive committee, and later became secretary of the Donetsk provincial committee of the RCP (b). In 1920 he was elected secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine.

In 1921-1930, V. M. Molotov served as Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Since 1921, he was a candidate member of the Politburo of the Party Central Committee, and in 1926 he became a member of the Politburo. He actively participated in the fight against the intra-party opposition and became one of the close associates of I.V. Stalin.

In 1930-1941, V. M. Molotov headed the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, and at the same time, since May 1939, he was the People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of the USSR. An entire era in Soviet foreign policy is associated with his name. V. M. Molotov’s signature is on the non-aggression treaty with Nazi Germany dated August 23, 1939 (the so-called “Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact”), assessments of which were and remain ambiguous.

It fell to V. M. Molotov to inform the Soviet people about the attack of Nazi Germany on the USSR on June 22, 1941. The words he said then: “Our cause is just. The enemy will be defeated. Victory will be ours,” entered the history of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.

It was Molotov who informed the Soviet people about the attack of Nazi Germany

During the war years, V. M. Molotov held the posts of First Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, Deputy Chairman of the State Defense Committee of the USSR. In 1943 he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. V. M. Molotov took an active part in organizing and holding the Tehran (1943), Crimean (1945) and Potsdam (1945) conferences of the heads of government of the three allied powers - the USSR, the USA and Great Britain, at which the main parameters of the post-war structure of Europe were determined.

V. M. Molotov remained as head of the NKID (from 1946 - the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs) until 1949, again heading the ministry in 1953-1957. From 1941 to 1957, he simultaneously held the position of First Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (since 1946, the Council of Ministers) of the USSR.

At the June plenum of the CPSU Central Committee in 1957, V. M. Molotov spoke out against N. S. Khrushchev, joining his opponents, who were condemned as an “anti-party group.” Together with its other members, he was removed from the leadership of the party and removed from all government posts.

In 1957-1960, V. M. Molotov was the USSR Ambassador to the Mongolian People's Republic, and in 1960-1962 he headed the Soviet representative office at the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna. In 1962 he was recalled from Vienna and expelled from the CPSU. By order of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs of September 12, 1963, V. M. Molotov was released from work in the ministry due to his retirement.

In 1984, with the sanction of K.U. Chernenko, V.M. Molotov was reinstated in the CPSU while maintaining his party experience.

V. M. Molotov died in Moscow on November 8, 1986 and was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Andrei Yanuaryevich Vyshinsky, a descendant of an old Polish noble family, a former Menshevik, who signed the order for the arrest of Lenin, it would seem, was doomed to fall into the millstones of the system. Surprisingly, instead, he himself came to power, holding the positions of: Prosecutor of the USSR, Prosecutor of the RSFSR, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Rector of Moscow State University.

He owed this largely to his personal qualities, because even his opponents often note his deep education and outstanding oratorical abilities. It is for this reason that Vyshinsky’s lectures and court speeches have always attracted the attention of not only the professional legal community, but also the entire population. His performance was also noted. Already as Minister of Foreign Affairs, he worked from 11 a.m. until 4-5 a.m. the next day.

This is what contributed to his contribution to legal science. At one time, his works on criminology, criminal procedure, theory of state and law, and international law were considered classics. Even now, the concept of sectoral division of the legal system developed by A. Ya. Vyshinsky lies at the foundation of modern Russian jurisprudence.

As Minister, Vyshinsky worked from 11 a.m. until 4-5 a.m. the next day

But nevertheless, A. Ya. Vyshinsky went down in history as the “chief Soviet prosecutor” at the trials of the 1930s. For this reason, his name is almost always associated with the period of the Great Terror. The “Moscow trials” undoubtedly did not comply with the principles of a fair trial. Based on circumstantial evidence, the innocent were sentenced to death or long prison terms.

He was also characterized as an “inquisitor” by the extrajudicial form of sentencing in which he participated—the so-called “two,” officially the Commission of the NKVD of the USSR and the Prosecutor of the USSR. The defendants in this case were deprived of even a formal trial.

However, let me quote Vyshinsky himself: “It would be a big mistake to see the prosecutor’s office’s accusatory work as its main content. The main task of the prosecutor’s office is to be a guide and guardian of the rule of law.”

As Prosecutor of the USSR, his main task was the reform of the prosecutorial and investigative apparatus. The following problems had to be overcome: low education of prosecutors and investigators, staff shortages, bureaucracy, and negligence. As a result, a unique system of supervision over compliance with the law was formed, which the prosecutor's office remains at the present time.

The direction of Vyshinsky’s actions was even of a human rights nature, as far as this was possible in the conditions of totalitarian reality. For example, in January 1936, he initiated a review of cases against collective farmers and representatives of rural authorities convicted of theft in the early 30s. Tens of thousands of them were released.

Less well known are activities aimed at supporting Soviet defense. In numerous speeches and writings, he defended the independence and procedural powers of lawyers, often criticizing his colleagues for neglecting the defense. However, the declared ideals were not realized in practice, if we recall, for example, the “troikas”, which were the opposite of the adversarial process.

The diplomatic career of A. Ya. Vyshinsky is no less interesting. In the last years of his life, he served as the permanent representative of the USSR to the UN. In his speeches, he expressed authoritative opinions on many areas of international politics and international law. His speech on the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is well known - Vyshinsky foresaw problems with the implementation of the proclaimed rights, which are only now being noticed in the scientific and professional community.

The personality of Andrei Yanuaryevich Vyshinsky is ambiguous. On the one hand, participation in punitive justice. On the other hand, scientific and professional achievements, strong personal qualities, and the desire to achieve the ideal of “socialist legality.” It is they who force even Vyshinsky’s most fierce opponent to recognize in him that bearer of the highest values ​​- “a man of his craft.”

We can conclude that it is possible to be one under totalitarianism. This was confirmed by A. Ya. Vyshinsky.

Born into a family of railway workshop workers. After the family moved to Tashkent, he studied first at the gymnasium and then at the secondary school.

In 1926 he graduated from the Faculty of Law of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov and the Faculty of Agriculture of the Institute of Red Professorships.

Since 1926 - in the justice authorities, in 1926-1928 he worked as a prosecutor in Yakutia. Since 1929 - at scientific work. In 1933-1935 he worked in the political department of one of the Siberian state farms. After the publication of a number of notable articles, he was invited to the Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1935 - in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (Department of Science). As Leonid Mlechin reports, at one of the meetings on scientific issues, Shepilov “allowed himself to object to Stalin.” Stalin suggested that he back down, but Shepilov stood his ground, as a result of which he was expelled from the Central Committee and spent seven months without work.

Since 1938 - Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

In the first days of the war, he volunteered to go to the front as part of the Moscow militia, although he had a “reservation” as a professor and the opportunity to go to Kazakhstan as director of the Institute of Economics. From 1941 to 1946 - in the Soviet Army. He worked his way up from a private to major general, head of the Political Department of the 4th Guards Army.

In 1956, Khrushchev achieved the removal of Molotov from the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, installing his comrade-in-arms Shepilov in his place. On June 2, 1956, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Shepilov was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, replacing Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov in this post.

In June 1956, the Soviet Foreign Minister toured the Middle East for the first time in history, visiting Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, and Greece. During negotiations in Egypt with President Nasser in June 1956, he gave secret consent to the USSR to sponsor the construction of the Aswan Dam. At the same time, Shepilov, by the nature of his previous activities, not being a professional international affairs specialist, was impressed by the truly “pharaonic” reception that the then President of Egypt Nasser gave him, and upon returning to Moscow, he managed to convince Khrushchev to speed up the establishment of relations with the Arab countries of the Middle East in counterweight to normalization of relations with Israel. It should be taken into account that during the Second World War, almost the entire political elite of the Middle East countries collaborated with Hitler’s Germany in one way or another, and Nasser himself and his brothers then studied at German higher military educational institutions.

Represented the USSR's position on the Suez crisis and the uprising in Hungary in 1956. He headed the Soviet delegation at the London Suez Canal Conference.

Contributed to the normalization of Soviet-Japanese relations: in October 1956, a joint declaration was signed with Japan, ending the state of war. The USSR and Japan exchanged ambassadors.

In its speech at the 20th Congress, the CPSU called for the forcible export of socialism outside the USSR. At the same time, he participated in the preparation of Khrushchev’s report “On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences,” but the prepared version of the report was significantly changed.

Shepilov called for the forced export of socialism outside the USSR

When Malenkov, Molotov and Kaganovich tried to remove Khrushchev at a meeting of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee in June 1957, presenting him with a whole list of accusations, Shepilov suddenly also began to criticize Khrushchev for establishing his own “cult of personality,” although he was never a member of this group. As a result of the defeat of the group of Molotov, Malenkov, Kaganovich at the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee that followed on June 22, 1957, the formulation “anti-party group of Molotov, Malenkov, Kaganovich and Shepilov who joined them” was born.

There is another, less literary-spectacular explanation for the origins of the formulation using the word “aligned”: a group that would consist of eight members would be awkward to call a “breakaway anti-party group”, since it turned out to be a clear majority, and this would be obvious even to readers of Pravda. To be called "factional schismatics", there had to be no more than seven members of the group; Shepilov was eighth.

It sounds more reasonable to assume that, unlike the seven members of the “anti-party group” - members of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee, Shepilov was defined as a “joiner”, since, as a candidate member of the Presidium, he did not have the right to a decisive vote in the voting.

Shepilov was relieved of all party and government posts. Since 1957 - director, since 1959 - deputy director of the Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz SSR, in 1960-1982 - archaeographer, then senior archaeographer at the Main Archival Directorate under the USSR Council of Ministers.

Since the cliché “and Shepilov, who joined them,” was actively discussed in the press, a joke appeared: “The longest surname is And Shepilov, who joined them”; when a half-liter bottle of vodka was shared “by three,” the fourth drinking companion was nicknamed “Shepilov,” etc. Thanks to this phrase, the name of the party functionary was recognized by millions of Soviet citizens. Shepilov’s own memoirs are polemically entitled “Non-Aligned”; they are sharply critical of Khrushchev.

Shepilov himself, according to his memoirs, considered the case fabricated. He was expelled from the party in 1962, reinstated in 1976, and in 1991 reinstated in the USSR Academy of Sciences. Retired since 1982.

Of all the Russian and Soviet foreign ministers, only one, Andrei Andreevich Gromyko, served in this post for a legendary length of time - twenty-eight years. His name was well known not only in the Soviet Union, but also far beyond its borders. His position as Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR made him famous throughout the world.

The diplomatic fate of A. A. Gromyko was such that for almost half a century he was at the center of world politics and earned the respect of even his political opponents. In diplomatic circles he was called the “patriarch of diplomacy”, “the most informed foreign minister in the world.” His legacy, despite the fact that the Soviet era is far behind, is still relevant today.

A. A. Gromyko was born on July 5, 1909 in the village of Starye Gromyki, Vetkovsky district, Gomel region. In 1932 he graduated from the Economic Institute, in 1936 - postgraduate studies at the All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Economics, Doctor of Economics (since 1956). In 1939 he was transferred to the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs (NKID) of the USSR. By this time, as a result of repressions, almost all the leading cadres of Soviet diplomacy had been destroyed, and Gromyko began to quickly make his career. At just under 30 years old, a native of the Belarusian hinterland with a PhD in Economics, almost immediately after joining the NKID, received the responsible post of head of the Department of American Countries. It was an unusually steep rise, even for those times when careers were created and destroyed overnight. No sooner had the young diplomat settled into his new apartments on Smolenskaya Square than he was summoned to the Kremlin. Stalin, in the presence of Molotov, said: “Comrade Gromyko, we intend to send you to work at the USSR Embassy in the USA as an adviser.” Thus, A. Gromyko became an adviser to the embassy in the United States for four years and at the same time an envoy to Cuba.

In 1946-1949. deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR and at the same time in 1946-1948. fast. Representative of the USSR to the UN, 1949-1952. and 1953-1957 first deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, in 1952-1953. USSR Ambassador to Great Britain, in April 1957 Gromyko was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR and served in this post until July 1985. Since 1983, First Deputy Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers. In 1985-1988 Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

The diplomatic talent of Andrei Andreevich Gromyko was quickly noticed abroad. The authority of Andrei Gromyko, recognized by the West, was of the highest standard. In August 1947, Times magazine wrote: "As the Soviet Union's permanent representative on the Security Council, Gromyko does his job with breathtaking competence."

At the same time, thanks to the light hand of Western journalists, Andrei Gromyko, as an active participant in the Cold War, became the owner of a whole series of unflattering nicknames like “Andrei the Wolf”, “robot misanthrope”, “man without a face”, “modern Neanderthal” etc. Gromyko became well known in international circles for his always dissatisfied and gloomy expression, as well as extremely unyielding actions, for which he received the nickname “Mr. No”. Regarding this nickname, A. A. Gromyko noted: “They heard my “no” much less often than I heard their “know,” because we put forward much more proposals. In their newspapers they called me “Mr. No” because I did not allow myself to be manipulated. Whoever sought this wanted to manipulate the Soviet Union. We are a great power and we won’t allow anyone to do this!”

Thanks to his intransigence, Gromyko received the nickname "Mr. No"

However, Willy Brandt, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, noted in his memoirs: “I found Gromyko a more pleasant interlocutor than I imagined him from the stories about this sarcastic “Mr. No.” He gave the impression of a correct and imperturbable person, reserved in a pleasant Anglo-Saxon manner. He knew how to make it clear in an unobtrusive manner how much experience he had.”

A. A. Gromyko adhered extremely firmly to the approved position. “The Soviet Union on the international stage is me,” thought Andrei Gromyko. - All our successes in the negotiations that led to the conclusion of important international treaties and agreements are explained by the fact that I was confidently firm and even adamant, especially when I saw that they were talking to me, and therefore to the Soviet Union, from a position of strength or playing in "cat and mouse". I never fawned over Westerners and after being hit on one cheek, I did not turn the other. Moreover, I acted in such a way that my overly obstinate opponent would have a hard time.”

Many did not know that A. A. Gromyko had a delightful sense of humor. His remarks could include pointed comments that came as a surprise during tense moments when receiving delegations. Henry Kissinger, coming to Moscow, was constantly afraid of eavesdropping by the KGB. Once, during a meeting, he pointed to a chandelier hanging in the room and asked the KGB to make him a copy of American documents, since the Americans’ copying equipment was “out of order.” Gromyko answered him in the same tone that chandeliers were made during the reign of the tsars and they could only contain microphones.

Among the most important achievements, Andrei Gromyko highlighted four points: the creation of the UN, the development of agreements to limit nuclear weapons, the legalization of borders in Europe and, finally, the recognition of the USSR as a great power by the US.

Few people today remember that the UN was conceived in Moscow. It was here in October 1943 that the Soviet Union, the United States and Great Britain declared that the world needed an international security organization. It was easy to declare, but difficult to do. Gromyko stood at the origins of the UN; the Charter of this organization bears his signature. In 1946, he became the first Soviet representative to the UN and at the same time deputy and then first deputy minister of foreign affairs. Gromyko was a participant and subsequently the head of our country’s delegation at 22 sessions of the UN General Assembly.

“The question of questions”, the “ultimate task”, as A. A. Gromyko himself put it, was for him the process of negotiations to control the arms race, both conventional and nuclear. He went through all the stages of the post-war disarmament epic. Already in 1946, on behalf of the USSR, A. A. Gromyko made a proposal for a general reduction and regulation of weapons and a ban on the military use of atomic energy. Gromyko considered the Treaty Banning Tests of Nuclear Weapons in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water, signed on August 5, 1963, the negotiations on which had dragged on since 1958, to be a source of special pride.

A. A. Gromyko considered consolidating the results of World War II to be another priority of foreign policy. This is, first of all, a settlement around West Berlin, the formalization of the status quo with the two German states, Germany and the GDR, and then pan-European affairs.

The historical agreements of the USSR (and then Poland and Czechoslovakia) with Germany in 1970-1971, as well as the 1971 quadripartite agreement on West Berlin, required enormous strength, persistence and flexibility from Moscow. How great the personal role of A. A. Gromyko in the preparation of these fundamental documents for peace in Europe is evident from the fact that to develop the text of the Moscow Treaty of 1970, he held 15 meetings with Chancellor W. Brandt’s adviser E. Bar and the same number with the minister Foreign Affairs V. Sheel.

It was they and the previous efforts that cleared the way for détente and the convening of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. The significance of the Final Act signed in August 1975 in Helsinki had a global scale. It was, in essence, a code of conduct for states in key areas of relations, including military-political. The inviolability of post-war borders in Europe was secured, to which A. A. Gromyko attached special importance, and the preconditions were created for strengthening European stability and security.

It was thanks to the efforts of A. A. Gromyko that all the i’s were dotted between the USSR and the USA during the Cold War. In September 1984, at the initiative of the Americans, a meeting between Andrei Gromyko and Ronald Reagan took place in Washington. These were Reagan's first negotiations with a representative of the Soviet leadership. Reagan recognized the Soviet Union as a superpower. But another statement became even more significant. Let me remind you of the words spoken by the herald of the myth of the “evil empire” after the end of the meeting in the White House: “The United States respects the status of the Soviet Union as a superpower ... and we have no desire to change its social system.” Thus, Gromyko's diplomacy obtained from the United States official recognition of the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of the Soviet Union.

Thanks to Gromyko, relations between the USSR and the USA were stabilized

Andrei Gromyko carried in his memory many facts that had been forgotten by wide circles of the international community. “Can you imagine,” Andrei Gromyko told his son, “it’s none other than the polished Macmillan, the Prime Minister of Great Britain. Since this was at the height of the Cold War, he makes attacks on us. Well, I would say that the usual UN cuisine is working, with all its political, diplomatic and propaganda techniques. I sit and think about how to respond to these attacks on occasion, during debates. Suddenly, Nikita Sergeevich, who was sitting next to me, bends down and, as I first thought, was looking for something under the table. I even moved away a little so as not to disturb him. And suddenly I see him pull out his shoe and start pounding it on the surface of the table. Frankly speaking, my first thought was that Khrushchev felt ill. But after a moment I realized that our leader was protesting in this way, seeking to embarrass MacMillan. I became all tense and, against my will, began to bang on the table with my fists - after all, I had to somehow support the head of the Soviet delegation. I didn’t look in Khrushchev’s direction, I was embarrassed. The situation was truly comical. And what’s surprising is that you can make dozens of smart and even brilliant speeches, but no one will remember the speaker in decades, Khrushchev’s shoe will not be forgotten.

As a result of almost half a century of practice, A. A. Gromyko developed for himself the “golden rules” of diplomatic work, which, however, are relevant not only for diplomats:

- it is absolutely unacceptable to immediately reveal all your cards to the other side, to want to solve the problem in one fell swoop;

— careful use of summits; poorly prepared, they do more harm than good;

- you cannot allow yourself to be manipulated either by crude or sophisticated means;

— Success in foreign policy requires a realistic assessment of the situation. It is even more important that this reality does not disappear;

— the most difficult thing is to consolidate the real situation through diplomatic agreements and international legal formalization of a compromise;

- constant struggle for initiative. In diplomacy, initiative is the best way to protect state interests.

A. A. Gromyko believed that diplomatic activity is hard work, requiring those who engage in it to mobilize all their knowledge and abilities. The task of a diplomat is “to fight to the end for the interests of his country, without harming others.” “To work across the entire range of international relations, to find useful connections between seemingly separate processes,” this thought was a kind of constant in his diplomatic activity. “The main thing in diplomacy is compromise, harmony between states and their leaders.”

In October 1988, Andrei Andreevich retired and worked on his memoirs. He passed away on July 2, 1989. “The State, the Fatherland is us,” he liked to say. “If we don’t do it, no one will.”

Born on January 25, 1928 in the village of Mamati, Lanchkhuti district (Guria).

Graduated from Tbilisi Medical College. In 1959 he graduated from Kutaisi Pedagogical Institute. A. Tsulukidze.

Since 1946, at Komsomol and party work. From 1961 to 1964 he was the first secretary of the district committee of the Communist Party of Georgia in Mtskheta, and then the first secretary of the Pervomaisky district party committee of Tbilisi. In the period from 1964 to 1972 - First Deputy Minister for the Protection of Public Order, then - Minister of Internal Affairs of Georgia. From 1972 to 1985 - First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Georgia. In this post, he carried out a highly publicized campaign against the shadow market and corruption, which, however, did not lead to the eradication of these phenomena.

In 1985-1990 - Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, from 1985 to 1990 - member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR 9–11 convocations. In 1990-1991 - People's Deputy of the USSR.

In December 1990, he resigned “in protest against the impending dictatorship” and in the same year left the ranks of the CPSU. In November 1991, at the invitation of Gorbachev, he again headed the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs (called at that time the Ministry of Foreign Relations), but after the collapse of the USSR a month later this position was abolished.

Shevardnadze was one of Gorbachev's associates in pursuing the policy of perestroika

In December 1991, the Minister of Foreign Relations of the USSR E. A. Shevardnadze was one of the first among the leaders of the USSR to recognize the Belovezhskaya Agreements and the upcoming demise of the USSR.

E. A. Shevardnadze was one of M. S. Gorbachev’s associates in pursuing the policy of perestroika, glasnost and détente.

Sources

1. http://firstolymp.ru/2014/05/28/andrej-yanuarevich-vyshinskij/
2. http://krsk.mid.ru/gromyko-andrej-andreevic