The fate of the leaders of the 1916 uprising is full of tragedy. Amangeldy Imanov was arrested by representatives of the Alash-Orda and executed in 1919. Abdulgafar Zhanbosynov died in 1919 at the hands of the Red Army: he was shot in the back while he was praying. Keiki Batyr was beheaded by Red Army soldiers. Now the mausoleums of the leaders of the 1916 uprising are included in the list from the Kostanay region.

Born in 1873 in village No. 3 of the Kaidaul volost of the Turgai district, now Amangeldinsky district of the Kostanay region. His father Uderbay Imanov, a Kazakh from the Kipchak family, and his mother Kalampyr, not having enough livestock for nomadism, moved to Baikonur. Here Uderbay was engaged in farming, partly hunting and fishing. Amangeldy lost his father when he was 8 years old. Amangeldy’s youth passed during the period of active work of the outstanding teacher, democrat-educator Ibrai Altynsarin. Until the age of 12, he studied at an aul school, then at the madrasah of the Dulygal imam Abdrakhman. Here he studied for four years, mastered 3 foreign oriental languages ​​(Turkish, Persian, Arabic).

The uprising began shortly after the publication of the decree of Nicholas II of June 25, 1916, called “requisition,” on the conscription of the foreign population aged 19-43 years for front-line trench work. But the main reason turned out to be rumors that absolutely the entire male population would be called upon to dig trenches on the line between Russian and German troops.

In the steppes of Turgai, the insurgent movement turned out to be so powerful that it seemed a very difficult task for the authorities to cope with it, because almost all those liable for military service were drafted and fought on the European fronts. The rebels here were led by military leaders Amangeldy Imanov and Alibi Dzhangildin. Amangeldy managed to create a disciplined cavalry detachment with well-established interaction between units. The commander-in-chief was Imanov himself, who relied on the military council. At the height of the uprising, there were about 50,000 fighters under the banner of Amangelda.

In October 1916, Amangeldy's army besieged Turgai. A corps under the command of Lieutenant General Lavrentyev was sent to him. In turn, having information about the approach of the Lavrentievians, the rebel detachments went to meet them halfway. Amangeldy's people switched to partisan methods. But there were also direct clashes between troops, which lasted until mid-February 1917. The fighting in the town of Batpakkara, one hundred and fifty kilometers from Turgai, was particularly stubborn. A. Imanov was located here, one of the many areas of disobedience was located here. At the end of February the troops were withdrawn, leaving Dugal-Urpek in rebel hands.

After the victory of the February Revolution, the number of rebel troops in the steppe increased sharply, and at the end of 1917 Amangeldy was occupied by Turgai. In October 1917 - January 1918. Amangeldy actively participated in the establishment of Soviet power in Turgai and the Turgai region, and was the military commissar of the Turgai district. He joined the ranks of members of the RCP (b) under the influence of Alibi Dzhangildin, participated in the work of the regional Congress of Soviets (Orenburg, 1918).

In July 1918, at the head of a group of Soviet workers, he held elections for aul and volost Soviets. During the Civil War, together with Dzhangildin, he formed the first Kazakh national Red Army units in Kazakhstan, helped the red partisans in the rear of Kolchak’s troops. In November 1918, a detachment led by Amangeldy Imanov and Dzhangildin captured the city of Turgai.

With Kolchak’s army going on the offensive on the Eastern Front (in the spring of 1919), the Alash Horde rebels launched an anti-Bolshevik uprising. Amangeldy Imanov was arrested by representatives of the Alash Orda and executed on May 18, 1919. In 1947, a bronze monument to Amangeldy Imanov - an equestrian statue - was erected in Almaty. In 1969, a museum was opened in the village of Amangeldy. In 1964, a branch of the museum was opened in the village of Urpek, where Amangeldy Imanov was born. There is a monument in the city of Arkalyk.

Abdulgafar Zhanbosynov(Abdigapar Zhanbosynuly) (1870 - November 21, 1919) - leader (the last Khan on the territory of Kazakhstan; he was officially raised by 3 zhuz on the felt and recognized as Khan) of the popular uprising of 1916 - 1917 in the Turgai steppe. Born in 1870 in the Karatorgai volost of the Turgai district. Descendant of the warrior Tileuli. He opened a school in his village, was engaged in irrigated arable farming, and enjoyed authority among the people. On November 21, 1916, the constituent assembly of representatives of the population of 13 volosts appointed Abdulgafar Zhanbosynov as khan, and the grandson of the batyr Iman, one of Kenesary’s associates, Amangeldy Imanov, as sardarbek (military leader).

Abdulgafar Zhanbosynov ruled on the basis of steppe democracy, adapted to martial law. A council of 20 people's representatives jointly resolved military, administrative and economic issues. The detachment led by Abdulgafar Zhanbosynov put up staunch resistance to the military detachments of the Russian Empire. Rebel formations from many regions of Kazakhstan joined it. Torgai region became the largest center of the national liberation movement of 1916 in Kazakhstan. He was imprisoned, but was saved from punishment by the February Revolution that began in Russia.

In March 1918, in Orenburg, Abdulgafar Zhanbosynov took part in the 1st Torgai Congress of Soviets. Later he stopped supporting Soviet power. He died on November 21, 1919 at the hands of the Red Army. He was shot in the back while praying.

Of all the heroes of the national liberation movement of 1916, fate turned out to be favorable only to Alibi Dzhangildin, who lived a rather complex, stormy, interesting life, he died in 1953 in Almaty, his services were highly appreciated by the Soviet authorities.

The name of Amangeldy, after his tragic death, also remained to live in history. Streets and settlements in Kazakhstan bear the names of Alibi Dzhangildin and Amangeldy Imanov. Justice for Abdigapar Zhanbosynuly was restored by his closest relatives, who reburied his remains with all honors.

But the fate of Keiki the batyr turned out to be unenviable. Now it is necessary to resolve the issue of his burial place, notes history researcher Sh. Baidildin. “And then the most important thing lies ahead - to bring the name of Keiki Batyr into our history, to immortalize it not only in monuments, but also in street names, and to include it in textbooks,” says Shoptibai Baidildin. – These are special people born once in a century. After all, only thanks to them, the glorious sons of their people, the Kazakhs did not disappear from the historical scene during difficult, tragic periods.”

Nurmagambet Kokembaev (Keiki-batyr)(1871, Baituma tract, now Kostanay region - April 22, 1923, near the village of Rakhmet, now Kostanay region) - Kazakh warrior, participant in the 1916 uprising against the authorities of the Russian Empire and, after 1917, the Basmach movement against Soviet power. Sniper (mergen). Born in 1871 (according to other sources in 1873) in the Turgai district, the settlement of Baituma, now the Kostanay region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. He came from the Kulan Kypshak clan of the Middle Zhuz.

Ceremonial burial ceremony of Keiki Batyr, 2017

“Keiki” – in Kazakh this is a hermit, a loner. The people received this nickname for the isolated lifestyle of a hunter. Keiki Batyr was a very accurate shooter. He was also called “Kol (hand) mergen (shooter, sniper)” because he could hit the target from any position without aiming. Friend, ally of Amangeldy Imanov and the leader of the rebel movement - Abdigapar Khan. An active participant in the Central Asian uprising of 1916 – the Turgai uprising. He commanded a detachment of “mergens” - the best shooters, armed with the best weapons and well supplied with ammunition. He distinguished himself in the Battle of Dogal, in the battle on the Kuyik area. Participant in the unsuccessful assault on the city of Turgai by rebels in October and a skirmish with tsarist troops at the Tunkoyma post station in November 1916. Wounded in the skirmish at Dogal-Urpek.

He greeted the October Revolution with caution, despite the fact that the capture of Turgai by the rebels at the end of 1917 took place largely due to revolutionary events. After the death of Amangeldy Imanov and Abdigapar Khan, Kokembaev and his comrades hid in the Ulytau mountains and the Kyzylkum desert, continuing the anti-Soviet struggle until 1923. The traitors gave up the house in which the batyr was hiding on April 22, 1923, Kokembaev’s house was surrounded by a detachment of Red Army soldiers. Keiki Batyr fought back to the last and was killed by Red Army soldiers.

Apparently, enraged by Kokembaev’s well-aimed fire or to prove the death of Keika the batyr, the Bolsheviks beheaded the body, cut off both hands and took it with them to the city of Orenburg, and left the remains lying next to the bodies of those killed by relatives - a pregnant wife and brother. Who and in what place buried their bodies is still unknown.

Thanks to the efforts of historian Manash Kozybaev, it became known that in 1926, in connection with the move of the capital of Kazakhstan from Orenburg to Kzyl-Orda, the skull of Keika Batyr was transferred to the Kunstkamera of Leningrad (St. Petersburg). To the request of Professor M. Kozybaev and the Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Moscow in January 1995, an official response was received from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation.

In August 2016, the issue of transferring the remains of the Kazakh national figure from Russia to their historical homeland was raised at the interstate level, and the Chairman of the Russian Government D. Medvedev promised to positively resolve this issue. On October 6, 2016, the skull of Nurmagambet Kokembayev was delivered on a separate flight from Moscow to Astana.

The uprising of Eset-Batyr and Zhankozha Nurmukhameduly

In the mid-50s - early 60s, the anti-colonial war of the Kazakhs broke out with renewed vigor. In the Aral Sea region, the Kazakh detachments were led by the batyr Eset, in the lower reaches of the Syrdarya - by Zhankozha Nurmukhameduly. The united Kokand-Kazakh army resumed active operations against the Russians in Zhetisu. In May 1853, in connection with the campaign of Russian troops on Ak-Meshit and the transfer of goods and troops to the Syr Darya, the confiscation of camels from the Kazakhs began. These actions of the colonial authorities served as a reason for the protest of the Kazakhs of the Shekta clan under the leadership of Eset Batyr. On February 3, 1854, a detachment of Baron Wrangel was sent against the Kazakhs, which, however, failed to achieve success. In 1855, rumors of defeat in the Crimean War penetrated the Kazakh steppe, and the anti-Russian movement intensified. In July, Eset's troops defeated the troops of the Sultan-ruler Zhanturin, the Sultan himself was killed, and the Cossack detachment accompanying him retreated to the border line. The colonial authorities, not having enough strength to fight the Kazakhs, began to bribe individual elders and sultans, incite hostility between Kazakh clans, trying to split the anti-Russian movement. At the same time, punitive expeditions were organized, plundering Kazakh villages. The detachments of Mikhailov, Kuzminsky and Deryshev acted especially cruelly. In the summer of 1856, a punitive expedition again attacked the Kazakh nomads. In September 1858, in the San tract, Eset’s detachment suffered a final defeat, and its remnants joined the batyr Zhankozha. Zhankozha Nurmukhameduly, one of Kenesary Khan’s comrades-in-arms, initially stopped fighting Russia. However, after the construction of fortifications in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya and the beginning of Cossack colonization, the elderly hero resumed military operations against Russian troops. In mid-December 1856, in the detachment of Zhankozhi the batyr there were already more than 1,500 Kazakhs who were dissatisfied with the colonial policy of Russia. At the end of December, the Kazakhs besieged the Kazalinsky fort and began negotiations with Khiva and Eset’s troops about joint actions. In December 1856, a punitive expedition under the command of Major General Fitingof left Ak-Meshit. And in January 1856, in a short but bloody battle, the Kazakhs were defeated and were forced to retreat to the territory of Khiva. Kazakh villages were subjected to brutal repression.

The historical experience of the national liberation struggle of the Kazakh people against colonialism determines certain aspects of the consolidation of the Turkic-Muslim peoples. These are close contacts between the political elite of the Central Asian region during the national liberation struggle of the Kazakh people, as well as the leading role of the Russian liberation movement in the formation and growth of the unity of the Turkic-Muslims and the special importance of the Russian intelligentsia on the Turkic-Muslim movement. It is necessary to point out that each of the leaders or leaders of the uprisings and movements was in constant contact with representatives of the political elite of Central Asia - these are the leaders of the movements - Zholaman Tlenchiev, Eset Kotibarov, Zhankhozha Nurmukhamedov, Kenesary Kasymov, Isatay Taimanov, Makhambet Utemisov. Contacts between movement leaders in individual political actions were long-term in nature and contributed significant elements to the course of the uprisings and movements themselves.

In the 20s and early 30s of the 19th century, one of the batyrs of the Junior Zhuz, Zholaman Tlenchiev, who led the Tabyn clan, spoke out against the tsarist colonialists, who seized the Novo-Iletsk region, rich in pastures, rivers and salt mines, from his clan. The Novo-Iletsk line was part of a group of lines that were built to ensure the movement of tsarist troops in the West of Kazakhstan - they consisted of 29 fortifications and 7 thousand dessiatines of Kazakh land went to it. Cossacks and peasants began to settle on these lands. Zholaman Tlenchiev initially began to conduct peace negotiations - they took the form of correspondence, but the tsarist authorities in the person of the Orenburg governor of Essen did not pay attention to Zholaman’s demands and then Zholaman took the path of armed struggle. His troops chose guerrilla warfare tactics - they attacked fortifications and border outposts. Such actions continued for a long time, and the real war against the tsarist services began in 1835, when Kazakhs of the Dzhagalbaylin clan, as well as the Zhappa, Alchin, Argyn, and Kipchak clans joined Zholaman. By this time, a total of more than 10 thousand square miles of land had been taken from them. In order to graze their cattle, they were forced to roam near the border territory and therefore paid huge sums to the Cossacks and the administration.

Kokand and Khiva feudal lords collected taxes and duties from the same clans that were already subject to the tsarist regime. The Shekty and Chumekey clans refused to pay double taxes; in response to this, in 1850, a detachment of the Akmechet bek destroyed 14 villages of the Chumekey clan. But the instructions of the Orenburg authorities were unambiguous: “To reaffirm the Horde’s prohibition to collect zyaket for the Khiva Khan, declaring that if they continue to pay tribute to the Khivans, they will be subject to double kibitka collection.” At the same time, the Khivans demanded payment of zyaketa from livestock and ushur from crops. In such conditions, famous people in the steppe opposed the Khivans. Among them, Dzhankhoja Nurmukhamedov, the leader of the Kishkene-Shekti clans, stood out. In 1843, Dzhankhoja’s troops destroyed the Khiva fortress on Kuvan Darya; in the summer of 1845, he had a clash with the Khiva detachment; in response, the Khivans captured 1,900 Kazakh families. In 1846, he wrote to the Orenburg administration: “... 30 villages under our jurisdiction have been plundered... we are going to Irgiz because there is no dark shadow in our hearts for a friendly relationship with you... We are preparing for a campaign against the Khivans, because that all the time we saw oppression from them."
Dzhankhoja Nurmukhamedov was constantly in vacillation between the Khivans and the Russian authorities, already at the end of 1856, when the uprising itself actually began, some documents reported that having gathered a significant number of armed people, he wanted to “surrender under the protection of the Khivan Khan.” However, knowing what complications could arise both in collecting taxes and in fulfilling duties, even after the suppression of the uprising, he accepted the Russian authorities as a subject of the empire.

In the late 40s - 50s of the 19th century, the Kokand Khanate intensified its policy in the Kazakh steppe, the fortresses of Yany-Kurgan, Dzhulek, Ak-Mosque, Chim-Kurgan, Kumysh-Kurgan were built and inhabited, and the Kokand garrisons approached the mouth Syrdarya river. Kazakh nomads paid 6 rams, 24 bags of coal, 4 packs of saxaul and 1000 sheaves of reeds per cart per year, in addition, they were assigned duties; each wagon had to send one person every month for a week to cultivate arable land and vegetable gardens, often once a year they were forced to clean the stables and barns, and, in addition, each nomad had to go into military uniform in full uniform and with his own horse.

At the beginning of 1850, the Kokand detachment defeated 20 villages of the Chumekeys, 6 people were killed, 100 horses and 2,500 rams were captured, and the Chumekeys were forced to migrate to the Karakum and in the border: Irgiz. The plight of ordinary nomads was additionally covered by the collection of various taxes, including zyaket and ushur, which were paid to clan elders and owners. At the same time, with the construction of fortifications, another duty was introduced on the part of the royal authorities - the supply of camels for various works and for military expeditions. Camels were hired for up to 15 rubles a year, and some clan owners paid their relatives even less, while the hiring of camels was massive, several thousand each. So, in 1847, 1000 camels were required for the construction of the Ural fortification, another 1500 for transporting food, and another 2000 for other needs, and they were collected from the Chumekeev clans in 3 months. Therefore, many clan structures of the Shektins and Chumekeevs migrated to other areas, to the sands, and they often changed their places of migration. Many clans did not give away camels. So the Kerdarinsky and Tabynsky clans greeted the envoys of Sultan Baimukhamedov with the words: “that they would never give camels, and would not allow them even close to their villages.” And they were all armed with spears and sabers. Therefore, the rulers asked and accepted help from the Orenburg administration in the form of armed convoys; the same Sultan Baimukhamedov asked to send a two-hundred detachment of Cossacks “according to the need encountered in it to assist in the successful collection of hired camels.” And in many cases, precisely as the ruler of the Tleu-Kabak clan, Eset Kotibarov stood up for his relatives from other clan structures. Therefore, when in 1851 he asked permission from the Orenburg administration to migrate to Emba, the head of the Border Commission V.V. Grigoriev noted: “Bey, known to the Russian authorities since last 1846, before asking for special indulgences on our part, must , according to his promise, to give satisfaction for his past." That is, Eset had to bring his repentance to the authorities in the form of material compensation for damage from the broken caravan in 1846. And the authorities did not give Esetu permission. Back in 1847, the Russian authorities tried to attract Eset to their service, and awarded him a reward in the form of a gold medal; The then chairman of the Border Commission, L.P. Ladyzhensky, wrote to the governor: “With such a reward, attract this half-wild Horde to our interests, and keep him from allowing new unrest in the steppe.”

The open action of the Shekty family against the tsarist authorities began in 1853, when, under the leadership of V.P. Perovsky, preparations began for the campaign against Ak-Mosque. The ruler of the middle part of the Junior Zhuz, Arslan Jantorin, was tasked with collecting 4,000 camels with the necessary equipment from the Shektins. The Shekty clan refused to give camels, and many units of the clan migrated beyond the Syr Darya, that is, to the Kokand side. The nomads were led by Eset. He wrote to the ruler of the Western part, Tyaukin: “We... did not give Arslan Jantorin the camels he strongly demanded because his violent demand seemed to us illegal...”. Since the Shektins did not obey the authorities, the Border Commission decided to punish the Shektins and obtain the required camels. The ruler of the Western part, Tyaukin, set out with two Cossack detachments, and a detachment led by Sultan Ilekei Kasymov left the Ural. Ilekei Kasymov attacked the Dzhaimkaim unit of the Shektins and stole 300 camels, while several people were killed. The main mass of the Shektins moved to desert areas, including Ust-Urt. Eset's actions during this period were very controversial. They were more similar to the actions of an ordinary nomad who strives to separate himself from his relatives, but at the same time is dissatisfied with their unfair attitude towards him. That is, in this situation, Eset did not seek to further spur all structures into an armed struggle against the authorities. One of the spies of the administration in the village of Eset reported: “He is in a very large dispersion and says that acting for the honor and rights of the Kyrgyz people, he, Eset, quarreled with the Russians and the sultan-rulers, that now, although he is uniting with himself, the Kyrgyz They don’t give it to the army, and they don’t join.”

In 1854, Eset's tactical actions led to confusion among both the Orenburg administration and the Kazakhs who joined Eset. In the spring, he undertook to come to Orenburg to confess, upon receiving the commitment of the Orenburg administration that the authorities would not persecute him and his villages, he had to lay down his arms, but at the same time, to fight the tsarist authorities, he was trying to choose an ally for himself in face of the Khiva Khan. Therefore, almost all the Shektins turned away from Eset and he found support only in the Kabak clan.

Report by the head of the department of history of Kazakhstan in modern times, senior lecturer E.Zh. Valikhanov
http://www.iie.freenet.kz

The uprising of the Syrdarya Kazakhs led by Dzhankhozhi Nurmukhamedov

30-50s of the XIX century. mark an important milestone in the history of Kazakhstan. In the socio-economic situation of the region, there is an increase in the economic development of some regions of Kazakhstan, due to its involvement in the all-Russian market. The political situation in Kazakhstan during this period was unstable.
The situation of the Kazakh population, who lived in the territory located along the coast of the Syrdarya, turned out to be extremely difficult. The strengthening of the expansionist aspirations of the Russian Empire (Ak-Mosque was taken in 1853 by V. Perovsky), as well as the aggressive policy of the Khiva Khanate, became the main reason for the struggle of the Syr Darya Kazakhs under the leadership of Dzhankhozhi Nurmukhamedov. One of the leaders of the shekta clan, Dzhankhozha gained fame among ordinary workers as an authoritative and purposeful warrior with extraordinary qualities. (The willful and imperious ruler of Dzhankhozh by this time began to understand that the Eginshi Kazakhs, who made up the bulk of the Syrdarya Kazakhs, were subjected to very strong colonial oppression. One of the main issues was the question of land. After the occupation of the Ak-Mosque, the Syrdarya military line was created, where large areas were demarcated for the settlement of Cossacks and settlers, and which were taken from the possession of the Kazakh population. The Kazakh population itself was subject to a kibitka tax. In addition, many duties were also imposed - maintaining roads, building bridges, cleaning main ditches, horse-drawn duties - The Kazakhs had to provide camels for work at the request of the line commanders, provide people for the construction of fortifications and supply cattle for transporting building materials.At the same time, the performance of duties often coincided with the work season, which was very expensive for the eginsha.
In 1849, the first 26 families of Orenburg Cossacks were resettled to the Raim fortification. By 1857, about 3,000 Kazakh families were driven from their places and resettled to places where there was no arable land and water for irrigation. In the places where the Kazakhs lived, the settlers enjoyed great advantage, which led to the brutal exploitation of the Kazakh population.
All this accumulated over the years and into the mid-50s. The 19th century resulted in an open performance of the Kazakh Eginshi of the Kishkentai-Shekty clan.
The arbitrariness of the Khiva Khanate in relation to the Kazakhs turned into unbearable exactions, robberies and arbitrariness. In the early 50s, the actions of the batyr were in the field of view of both the Russian and Khiva administrations. Back in 1843, Dzhankhozha destroyed the Khiva fortress on Kuvandarya, and in the spring of 1845 he defeated a detachment of Khivans of up to 2,000 people sent to restore the destroyed fortress. In the fight against the Khivans
Dzhankhozha used a unique strategy, attacked fortifications and destroyed them. Thus, his troops captured the Jana-Kala fortress. In 1847 and 1848 He more than once helped Russian troops recapture the Khivans near the Raim fortress. Dzhankhozha also took part in the Kenesary uprising (later, however, moving away from this movement) and, together with Kenesary, defeated the Khivan fortress Suzak. The tsarist administration, seeing the authority Jankhozha enjoyed among the Shekti people and wanting to attract him to their side as an instrument of their policy, more than once showed him their attentions. So, in 1845 he was sent 200 rubles. and cloth for a caftan, and in 1848 he was granted the rank of esaul, at the same time he was asked to take the oath to the Russian government, but when Dzhankhozha refused this, he was deprived of the rank of esaul and removed from governing the Kishkentai-Shekty people.
Oppression by the Khivans, on the one hand, and land dispossession, on the other, led to an open protest against colonial oppression. Naturally, the rebels imagined that the main culprit for their disaster was the Kazalinsky fort and therefore their actions were primarily directed against the tsarist administration, and the leader of the rebels was Dzhankhozha Nurmukhamedov, who by this time was more than 90 years old. Thus, the main reason for the uprising lay in the forced labor carried out by the Kazakhs by decision of the Orenburg administration, in the excessive road tax and maintenance of caravans, as well as in the resettlement policy of the tsarist regime.
In 1856, direct hostilities began between the tsarist troops and the rebels. Previously, Dzhankhozha acted as an ally of the Russian military command in its fight against the Khivans, and now he has become an active fighter against Russian colonization of the regions of the Syr Darya and its tributaries. By the end of 1856, the entire Kazaly region was engulfed in an uprising; by this time, Dzhankhozhi had up to 1,500 armed Kazakhs. Not only Shekti people took part in the uprising, but also other clans, including nomads. In this uprising, Zhankhozha used his favorite tactics, and by the end of 1856 he besieged the Kazalinsky fort. By this time, the rebels had destroyed the village of Soldatskaya Sloboda, where the settlers lived.
Mikhailov’s detachment, located in the fort (a Cossack hundred, 50 infantry men and one gun), began to act against the rebels, one of the forays
Mikhailov ended in the defeat of a small detachment of rebels. Another detachment of tsarist troops under the command of Major Bulatov fired at the rebel camp. These actions took place from December 19 to 23, 1856. Until the last days of December the fight went on with varying odds. However, at the end of the year, under pressure from Perovsky, a detachment of Major General was sent from Ak-Mosque
Fitingof (265 soldiers, two guns and one rocket launcher), joining forces at the beginning of January 1857 with the detachments of the Kazalinsky fort. Fitingof had 300 Cossacks, 320 infantry, one cannon, two unicorns and two rocket launchers.
On January 9, 1857, a decisive battle took place between the rebels and the detachment
Fitingofa. As a result, the rebels were defeated, although Dzhankhozhi had up to 5,000 armed horsemen. After the battle, Fitingof began to pursue the rebels, forcing them to move to the right bank of the Syr Darya and thus into the boundaries of the Khiva Khanate. Up to 20 villages migrated from Dzhankhozhi. Within the Khiva Khanate, Dzhankhozha tried to find allies for himself in the person of the Khiva Khan or Bukhara, or Kokand, however, he failed to do this. Thus ended the performance of the Kazakhs under the leadership
Dzhankhozhi Nurmukhamedova.
The reason for the defeat of the rebels was the poor weapons and backward tactics of the rebels, the locality of their actions, and their reliance on the old medieval order.
Repressive measures consisted of plundering villages, so 21,400 heads of cattle were captured, and in general the total number of cattle captured by punitive forces was three times greater. In addition, the repressions hit ordinary workers very seriously. Dzhankhozha himself retired and performed only the functions of biy, and was subsequently killed by his opponents.

The beginning of the war in the Junior Zhuz. In 1823, the batyr Zholaman Tlenshiuly declared war on Russia. The reason was the construction of the Novo-Iletskaya line. The best lands in the Zhaik and Ilek areas were taken away from the Kazakhs and given over to Cossack farms. Zholaman's repeated written appeals to Orenburg did not yield results. In addition, Khan Aryngazy and many elders of the Junior Zhuz continued to be held captive. Desperate to achieve their liberation and return of their lands peacefully, Zholaman begins military operations against Russia. The Kazakhs of the Younger Zhuz, who supported Zholaman’s call, began to attack the border fortifications and villages of the sultan-rulers. Punitive expeditions were not successful.
The beginning of the war in the Middle Zhuz. At the same time, the Kazakhs of the Middle Zhuz, led by Sultan Sarzhan Kasymuly, rose up to fight the colonialists.
To implement the provisions of the Charter and build military fortifications, two detachments were sent to the steppe, one under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Bronevsky, the other - Lieutenant Colonel Grigorovsky. In 1824, with the active participation of pro-Russian sultans, the fortresses of Kokchetav and Karkaralinsk were founded and the corresponding orders were opened. Spontaneous anti-Russian movements began in Northern and Central Kazakhstan.
The Kazakh troops were led by Sultan Sarzhan, who for twelve years waged a tireless struggle against the Russian colonialists and Agha Sultans, demanding the withdrawal of troops from the Kazakh steppes and the destruction of orders and fortresses. In 1826, Sarzhan’s troops launched a campaign against the Karkaraly Prikaz. Russian troops came to help the besieged in Karkaralinsk; centurion Karbyshev and Sarzhan were forced to retreat.
In 1832, Russian troops founded the Akmola fortress and opened the Akmola Prikaz. At the same time, the detachment of centurion Potanin defeated Sarzhan in the Sulu-Kol tract. These failures prompted Sarzhan to turn to the Kokand authorities with a proposal to conclude an alliance against Russia. The Tashkent ruler - Kushbegi accepted this proposal. In 1834, the united army occupied the area of ​​the Ulytau Mountains and founded the Korgan fortress, but the detachment of General Bronevsky defeated the Tashkent people and forced Sarzhan to leave the territory of Central Kazakhstan. In 1836, the Tashkent Kushbegi, fearful of Sarzhan’s growing influence in the south of Kazakhstan, treacherously killed him along with the brothers Yesen-geldy and Erzhan.
Revolt of the Kazakhs of the Bokeev Khanate. The constant oppression of tsarist officials and their servants-relatives of Zhangir Khan led to an increase in spontaneous indignation of the Kazakhs of the Bokeev Khanate, which resulted in an armed uprising in 1837, led by the batyr Isatay Taimanuly, Makhambet Otemisuly and Sultan Kaipkali Yesimuly.
Large rebel forces in several detachments began to approach Zhangir's headquarters, destroying the houses of the khan's officials along the way. In the fall, the siege of the Khan's headquarters began. Troops came out from Russian fortresses, from Astrakhan, Uralsk and Orenburg to suppress the uprising. On October 30, Isatay was forced to lift the siege and retreat. However, he failed to break away from the pursuit. On November 15, a battle with punitive forces took place in the Tastobe tract, which ended in the defeat of the Kazakhs.
In December, Isatay and Makhambet with a small detachment broke through the border line and went to the territory of the Younger Zhuz. Having contacted Zholaman and Kaipkali, they began to assemble a new army. In the spring of 1838, at the Maslikhat of the Younger Zhuz, it was decided to enter into an alliance with Khiva and declare war on the “Gazavat” against Russia. By the end of 1838, Kazakh detachments numbered about 2 thousand people.
Attaching great importance to the military preparations of Kaipkali, Isatay and Makhambet, fearing their unification with Kenesary, the tsarist government allocated special troops led by Lieutenant Colonel Geke. The last battle took place in the Iletsk defense area. Sultan Kaipkali managed to escape from his pursuers, and Isatay died. Many warriors after this joined Zholaman and Kenesary, and Makhambet went to Khiva and began, together with Kaipkali, to prepare a new uprising in the Bokeev Khanate.
Thus, at the first stage in 1824-1832. the people's liberation war has the character of local military uprisings. In the Junior Zhuz they were headed by Zholaman Tlenshiuly, in the Bokeev Khanate by Isatay and Makhambet, in the Middle Zhuz by Sultan Sarzhan Kasymuly. And only with the advent of Sultan Kenesary Kasymuly to lead the movement, the disparate forces of the Kazakhs unite, and the war enters a new stage.

Anti-colonial struggle of the Kazakhs in the last third of the 19th century.

The beginning of the uprising in the Junior Zhuz. To implement the main provisions of the reform of 1867-1868. organizational commissions were formed, which were supposed to carry out registration of Kazakh farms, elections of aul elders and volost managers, form administrative auls, and collect taxes according to new standards.
These commissions left for the steppe at the end of 1868. Already during the period of preparation of the reform and its implementation, rumors about new colonial events excited the Kazakh villages. The Kazakhs knew that innovations would entail new taxes, restrictions on self-government and freedom of religion. But the provisions of the reform of 1867-1868. exceeded the worst expectations of the Kazakhs.
That is why the organizational commissions that went to the steppe at the end of 1868 encountered fierce resistance. The Zhataki fishermen living at the mouth of the Zhem, having gathered an armed detachment, surrounded the Guryev district commission and forced it to leave the steppe. By the end of December, all commissions were withdrawn.
At the beginning of February 1869, the organizational commissions again went to the steppe, accompanied by Cossack detachments. In addition, the garrisons of all steppe fortifications were strengthened. However, this time the commissions encountered resistance from the Kazakhs. In many places, Kazakh troops kept the commissions under siege until they signed an agreement not to appear in the steppe again. Many fortifications were blocked, and communications between them were interrupted. At the end of February, the commissions were again forced to return to the border line.
By spring, the spontaneous uprising of the Kazakhs of the Junior Zhuz grew into an uprising. It was headed by the sultans Hangali Aryktan-uly, DautAsauuly, Azbergen Munaitpasuly, Ykylas Dosuly, Seil Turkebayuly. At the beginning of 1869, Khangali and Azbergen Munaitpasuly met with the Khan of Khiva and the Turkish ambassador in Khiva. At this meeting, it was decided that Khiva would send a large military detachment to help the Kazakhs, and in the event of a large-scale war between Russia and the Central Asian states, the latter would be supported by Turkey.
At the beginning of March, a military detachment with 4 guns left Khiva and settled in the area in mid-April. Shoshkol is 170 km from the Emba fortification. The son of Kenesary Kasymuly, Sultan Syzdyk, took an active part in organizing the Khiva military expedition. The detachment was supposed to unite with the rebel Kazakhs and destroy all Russian fortifications in the Younger Zhuz.
By April, almost all clans of the Younger Zhuz began to openly go over to the side of the rebels. Kazakh troops interrupted the connection between steppe fortifications and administrative centers, destroyed postal stations, and disrupted Russia's trade with the Central Asian states.
The defeat of the uprising. To fight the rebel Kazakhs, punitive detachments numbering more than 5 thousand people with 20 guns were concentrated in the steppe. Troops arrived from the St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kharkov, and Kazan military. districts. At the beginning of May, punitive forces entered the steppe. The Turkestan Governor-General Kaufman threatened the Khiva Khan with an immediate invasion, after which the Khiva troops retreated from the territory of the Younger Zhuz.
Despite the difficult situation, the Kazakhs continued desperate resistance. Emirs were elected in many clans, and anti-Russian agitation continued among the Kazakhs who had not yet joined the uprising. At the beginning of May, the Kazakhs kept a large detachment under siege under the command of Von Stempel in the Zhamansor tract for a week. Having lost the entire convoy, the punitive forces were forced to retreat to the Kalmykov fortress. The decisive actions of the Kazakhs forced other detachments to retreat to the Cossack lines and fortifications by the beginning of summer.
In June 1869, a new offensive of colonial troops began, for which a total of up to 10 thousand infantry were concentrated. The general management of the punitive operation was carried out by the military governor of the Ural region, Major General N. Verevkin. Russian troops from four sides entered the Oila region, where the main forces of the rebels were concentrated. After a series of defeats, the Kazakhs began to migrate en masse to the territory of Khiva.
The migration was led by Sultan Hangali Arystanuly. In total, about 57 thousand people were forced to leave their homes. The remaining Kazakhs were subjected to severe repression. The population was charged with an indemnity of 1 ruble per household, in addition to 143 thousand rubles to compensate for the losses of the Cossack elite and traders. All livestock captured by Russian troops while pursuing the rebels was confiscated. All the leaders of the uprising who managed to hide in Khiva were sentenced to hard labor.
However, with the defeat of the Kazakhs in 1869, resistance to the implementation of the provisions of the reform of 1867-1868 began. didn't stop.
Uprising in Mankystau in 1870 The introduction of the Regulations on Mankystau was postponed until 1870. The colonial authorities feared that the Kazakhs of the Adai clan, who roamed here, would support the uprising in the Junior Zhuz. And only at the beginning of 1870 did the Russian authorities decide to strengthen their position on Mankystau. In October 1869, to prepare for the introduction of reforms, the garrisons of the steppe fortifications were strengthened and a new fortress was built in the lower reaches of the Zhem. The entire territory of the summer nomads of the Adaevites was divided between military points occupied by Russian troops, who, under the pretext of “surveying” the territory, established actual control over the Kazakhs.
In November 1869, Caucasian troops occupied the southeastern coast of the Caspian Sea and the following year already appeared on the borders of Khiva. On February 2, 1870, Mankystau was separated from the Orenburg General Government and transferred to the jurisdiction of the Caucasian military governor. Thus, the entire space of the nomadic Adai clan was surrounded by Russian troops.
With the change in administrative boundaries, the Kazakhs of the Adai clan were prohibited from roaming in the territory of the Ural region, where the summer nomads of this clan had previously been located. The use of summer pastures was allowed only under the terms of the adoption of the Regulations. In addition, the administration demanded payment of taxes and zemstvo fees for the previous year, which amounted to 8 silver rubles from each farm. Not only the poor Zhatak people, but also the majority of wealthy Kazakhs did not have such money.
The Mankystau bailiff, Lieutenant Colonel Rukin, several times gathered Kazakh biys in the Alexander Fort and demanded that they sign a signature recognizing the provisions of the reforms. However, the Kazakhs refused to give such a subscription.
In the spring of 1870, Rukin tried to force the Kazakhs to submit. With a small military detachment, he moved to the steppe with the goal of blocking the path of the Adayev villages, who were going on their summer nomads. The appearance of Rukin's detachment was the reason for the uprising.
For a week the detachment marched without encountering resistance. Only on March 22, his path was blocked by the Kazakhs, who demanded a return to the fort. After a short fight, Rukin was forced to retreat. On March 24, the Kazakhs again attacked the Russian detachment, recaptured all their camels and horses, and forced the Cossacks themselves to retreat into the mountains.
On March 25, the Russian detachment agreed to lay down their arms, but several Cossacks tried to break through the encirclement. In the ensuing hand-to-hand combat, most of the detachment was killed, including the bailiff himself, and the rest of the Cossacks were forced to surrender.
The news of the defeat of Rukin’s detachment shook the whole of Mankystau. Adaevites began to join the rebels in entire villages. The rebels were led by Dosan Tazhiuly, Alga Zhalmagambetuly and Isa Tupenbayuly. The rebels were joined by fishermen and craft workers, Kazakhs who worked as clerks, guides and farm laborers in the villages adjacent to the fort.
On April 3, 1870, large military forces from the Caucasus, led by Count Kutaisov, arrived at the Alexander Fort. On April 5, the Kazakhs began the siege of the fort. For three days, the Adaevites attacked this first-class fortress, destroyed the lower fortification, burned the lighthouse, but were unable to take the fort. More and more troops arrived from the Caucasus, and the Kazakhs were forced to lift the siege and retreat.
On April 20, the rebels defeated a Russian punitive detachment 12 versts from the Alexander Fort and on the same day twice tried to capture the fortress. After another failure, the Kazakhs began to migrate south, to Ustyurt. On May 1, Kutaisov, having received new reinforcements from Dagestan, began pursuing the retreating villages. The cruelest terror against the indigenous population of Mankystau continued throughout the summer. Property and livestock were taken away from the Kazakhs, and rebellious villages were shot with grapeshot. The Adaevites, who managed to migrate to the valley of the Zhem River in the spring, were returned by force to Mankystau.
Punitive measures against Kazakhs. The actions of the punitive detachments under the command of Sarantsev and Baykov were particularly cruel. Thus, Baikov gave orders to his subordinates “to kill all male Kyrgyz (Kazakhs), ... without entering into the investigation of what kind of families and branches they would be.” Baikov divided the captured cattle among his subordinates, keeping the lion's share for himself.
The genocide against the Kazakhs of Mankystau and the real armed robbery caused outrage among the Russian public. The crimes turned out to be so outrageous that the government was forced to bring Baikov to trial. During the trial, it turned out that the punitive forces attacked villages without any reason, shot people in groups and alone, and robbed peaceful trade caravans. Baikov was demoted and sent to Tobolsk. However, this does not mean that the colonialists considered his actions a crime. The government was afraid of unfavorable public opinion within the country and especially in Europe.
After the defeat of the uprising, about 3 thousand Adaev families, led by Isa and Dosan, migrated to the borders of Khiva. Those who remained within Russia were subject to a huge indemnity of 600 thousand rubles. To intimidate the Kazakhs, the colonial administration began to practice demonstration campaigns of troops through the Kazakh nomads.
Uprising on Mankystau in 1873 At the end of 1872, Russia began to prepare for a campaign against Khiva. For this, the Russian army needed a large number of camels. Considering that the Kazakhs were drained of blood and would not offer resistance, it was decided to requisition their camels for the needs of the colonial troops. To carry out the requisition, NLomakin’s detachment was sent to the steppe. The appearance of the Russian detachment served as the reason for a new uprising of the Kazakhs. In January 1873, the Kazakhs again began to attack Cossack patrols; several detachments were forced to retreat to Fort Aleksandrovsky. However, the fight was unequal. The army of General Skobelev, marching towards Khiva, overtook the retreating Kazakhs at the Itebay well. Several officers were killed in the battle, Skobelev himself was wounded, but the Kazakhs suffered a crushing defeat.
After the fall of Khiva in 1873, Kazakh detachments under the command of Dosan Tazhiuly and Alga Zhalmagambetuly switched to partisan actions and for a long time disturbed the Caucasian and Orenburg administrations. In the summer of 1874, Dosan's detachment was surrounded by soldiers. According to eyewitnesses, soldiers surrounded the yurt in which Dosan was sleeping in the middle of the night and shot at it until they considered him dead. When the punitive forces burst into the bullet-riddled yurt, the wounded warrior tried to fight with a saber, but was captured. At the same time, other leaders of the uprising were arrested. Unable to withstand torture in the casemates of the Alexander Fort in 1876, Dosan and his two comrades died. The rest of the rebels were put on trial in the spring of 1876. Tleubergen Oracles was sentenced to death. Alga Zhalmagambetuly to 10 years of hard labor, the rest to exile in Siberia.
Defeat of the Kazakhs in 1869-1873. was due to the enormous economic and technical superiority of Russia, betrayal by the Bai elite, the Kazakhs were poorly organized and armed, did not have a strong rear and a reliable economic base. But, even doomed to failure, the liberation movement of the late 60s and early 70s played a huge role in the rise of national consciousness; the Kazakhs learned lessons from these battles that helped them at the beginning of the 20th century, when the national liberation movement broke out with new strength.

One of the states that intensified expansion against the Aral Kazakhs in the 19th century was Kokand. In 1808, the Kokand people captured the city of Tashkent, and in 1814 - Turkestan. In 1818, the Kokand fortress Ak-Mosque was moved to the right side of the Syrdarya. This fortress gradually turned into one of the largest military fortifications on the trade route.

The Kokand people began to impose heavy taxes on the Kazakh population. Thus, each family was obliged to provide Kokand with 6 heads of sheep annually in the form of a tax. An attempt to stop the Kokand expansion against the Syrdarya Kazakhs was made by Sultan Kasym and his son Sultan Sarzhan. But both of them were treacherously killed.

Khiva also made attempts to penetrate the Kazakh steppe. So, in 1835, on the Kuvandarya River, she built the Kurtobe fortress with a military garrison of 200 people. In cases of refusal to pay taxes, Khivans robbed Kazakh villages and took the wives and children of Kazakhs into slavery. One of the major raids of Khiva was in 1847, when a Khiva detachment with a total number of 1,500 people destroyed more than a thousand farms of local Kazakhs. The following year, more than 2,500 Kazakh farms were subjected to the same robbery. About 500 people were killed. Many Kazakhs were captured and sold into slavery.

Not wanting to tolerate robberies and oppression from the Khivans, some of the Kazakhs migrated towards the Karakum and the Irgiz River. On the other hand, in order to repel the onslaught of the Khivans and Kokands, the Syrdarya Kazakhs rose up to fight for their freedom. The liberation struggle of the Kazakhs in the Aral Sea region against the Khiva and Kokand, and later Russian military presence was led by the popular batyr Zhankozha Nurmukhameduly (1780-1860). Zhankozha was the tribal ruler of the Kishkene-Shekty clan. The famous scientist and public figure of Kazakhstan M. Tynyshpayev wrote the following about him: “The hero and bi of all Hordes, the fighter for the freedom of the Kazakhs, the famous Zhankozha-batyr did not recognize either the Russians, or the Khivans, or the Kokands, or any khans.” In 1835 he took the Khiva fortress of Babajan. He was related to Kenesary Kasymuly - the khan was married to his daughter. His associates were the sultans Bori and Dabyl. The eminent batyr was the successor of the work of Khan Aryngazy Abulgaziuly, who fought against the despotism of Khiva in the first quarter of the 19th century.

In 1836, Zhankozha, at the head of his warriors, began to fight the Khiva troops and defeated the large Khiva outpost of Beskal. In 1843, Zhankozhi’s detachment destroyed the Khiva fortress on Kuvandarya, and in the spring of 1845 defeated a Khiva detachment with a total number of 2,000 people, aimed at restoring the fortress. He also attacked Kokand military fortifications, which were located in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya: Zhanakorgan, Kumyskorgan, Lymkorgan and Koskorgan. Zhankozha batyr actively maintained contacts with the troops of Kenesary Kasymuly. So, in 1845, at the request of Khan Kenesary, Zhankozha-batyr participated in the capture of the Suzak fortress. In the summer of 1847, the rebels crossed to the left side of the Syr Darya and defeated the Khiva fortress of Zhanakala. After the battle for the fortification of Zhanakal, the batyr gave the Russian garrison of Raim 100 sheep for food.

Later, the batyr began many years of conflicts with Kokand. In 1850, the Kokand people stole 50 thousand heads of cattle from the Kazakhs. In 1851, without receiving any punishment, they stole even more cattle. Then Zhankozha-batyr, at the head of his detachment and together with 100 Cossacks and 50 infantrymen, made a raid to Ak-Mosque and defeated the Kokand detachment. Captured the Koskorgan fortification, freeing the local Kazakhs from the yoke of Kokand.

During the confrontation between the batyr and Khiva and Kokand, a new force appeared - the Russian Empire, advancing from Orenburg through Mangistau along the Syr Darya. As in all conquered territories, the tsarist administration began to build military fortifications in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya. These actions were followed by the gradual resettlement of Cossack families.

In 1848, 26 families of Orenburg Cossacks lived near the Raim fortification. The number of immigrants increased from year to year. After the abolition of the Raimsky fortification, the Cossack settlers moved in 1855 to fort No. 1 (Kazali). Russia's liberation of the Aral region from the yoke of the Central Asian khanates did not ease the fate of the broad masses. The Kazakh population was imposed by the tsarist government with an annual tax of 1.5 silver rubles per wagon.

In the fight against the Khivans and Kokands, the batyr was forced to enter into a temporary alliance with the Russians. In 1847, the tsarist authorities, taking advantage of the batyr’s actions against Khiva, tried to win him over to their side, for which purpose they tried to set an annual salary of 200 rubles for him at the expense of the Border Commission. He was also offered the position of manager of the Kazakhs of Karakum and Borsykum on the banks of the Syr Darya. But the batyr refused his title, salary and gifts from the tsarist government. Then the authorities tried to subordinate him to the sultans - the rulers of the Junior Zhuz. This forced him to distance himself from the tsarist government.

In December 1856, the armed struggle of the Syrdarya Kazakhs against Russia began. The reason for the uprising was the incident when three Kazakhs were burned alive by Russian soldiers at a local brick factory. The number of rebels numbered up to 3 thousand people. The center of the uprising was the former Khiva fortress of Zhanakala. A significant part of the rebels were foot soldiers. Batyr organized several mobile detachments of 150-200 people. They were placed near Russian fortresses, forts No. 1 and Perovsky and suddenly attacked the Syrdarya military line, causing significant damage to enemy personnel.

At the end of December 1856, Kazalinsk was besieged by rebels. Local residents considered this fort one of the culprits of all troubles. In January 1857, there were already 5 thousand people operating in the rebel camp. Fitingof's detachment came out to meet the rebels. The punitive force included 300 Cossacks and 320 infantry soldiers. The decisive clash between the punitive detachment and the rebels took place on January 9, 1857 in the Aryk-Balyk tract. The poorly armed rebels were defeated. More than 20 thousand heads of livestock were taken from the rebels. Scattered groups of rebels were forced to retreat to Kuvandarya and further to the territory of Bukhara and Khiva.

After the defeat of the main forces of the rebels, the batyr turned to the Khiva Khan with a request to assemble for him a detachment from among the Kazakhs, Karakalpaks and Turkmens. The batyr had the intention of attacking the Kazalinsky fort. But the Khiva Khan refused to support Zhankozha Batyr, because he was afraid of his strengthening. The tsarist administration sent a special punitive detachment to destroy the batyr Zhankozhi Nurmukhamedula. In 1860, not far from Lake Zhankara (Kyzylkum), a royal punitive detachment surrounded the village of Zhankozhi-batyr. During the battle he was killed at the age of 80. This is how L. Meyer describes the last hour of the batyr: “The old man managed to put on chain mail and get out of the wagon armed, but his horse was no longer there. Seeing that the time had come to die, he sat calmly on a hillock and began to say a prayer... For a long time the bullets... bounced off the chain mail, until finally one hit the neck and laid the old man dead.”

Kuzmin's punitive detachment plundered 164 rebel villages. The robbery caused starvation among the Chiklin residents. Some of them went to Khiva, and some went to the fortifications in order to survive. Zhankozha was respected among the Russian military for his decency and courage. The Syrdarya Kazakhs considered him a saint.

Introduction

Kazakh steppe on the eve of the war

After the death of Khan Abylay, the central power weakened, and the Kazakhs of the Younger Zhuz formed their own khanate, headed by the son of Kaip-Sultan Batyr. Only those Kazakhs who roamed near the border line remained under the rule of Nuraly and the Russian administration. Among them at the end of the 18th century. A protest began to ripen against the descendants of Abulkhair, who ruled with the help of Russian bayonets. Memories were fresh about the betrayal of the Sultan's leadership of the movement of 1773-1776, about the participation of Nuraly Khan and his children in the punitive operations of Russian troops against the Kazakhs. Therefore, the war that began in Western Kazakhstan at the end of the 18th century. g became the liberation war of the Kazakh people against Russia and its puppets, the descendants of Abulkhair.

The uprising of the Kazakhs under the leadership of S. Datov

The beginning of the uprising

In 1778, during one of the armed clashes with Cossack detachments, Datov’s children died. However, given the unfavorable situation, Syrym considered it premature to openly confrontate the tsarist government, believing that it was possible to stop the displacement of the Kazakhs from their ancestral nomads by force of persuasion.

Datov's open struggle with tsarism began in the fall of 1783. During one of the clashes with Cossack detachments, the batyr was captured by the Cossacks, from where he was released in the spring of 1784 thanks to the intercession of his son-in-law Khan Nuraly. In the spring and summer, Syrym Datov, traveling around Kazakh villages, was organizing large armed detachments. The first major clash between Syrym and Cossack detachments occurred in June 1784. The main forces of the rebels were then located in Upper Yaik and near the Orsk fortification. Detachments under the leadership of elders Barak, Tlenshi, Orazbai, and Sultan Zhantore concentrated in the Ilek area. The primacy of Syrym Datov as the overall leader of the movement was recognized. The Junior Zhuz was ready to support the main forces of the uprising. The dispersal of rebel detachments complicated the actions of the punitive forces due to the small number of regular units stationed south of Orenburg.

In November 1784, more than a thousand Sarbaz fought under the banner of Syrym Datov, posing a serious threat to the political interests of tsarism in the Junior Zhuz and forcing the Cossack army to take emergency measures to “curb the Kyrgyz gangs.” However, the hostile position of Khan Nuraly, a relative of the leader of the uprising, regarding the liberation movement split the feudal elite into two opposite camps. This circumstance caused Syrym to cool off towards Nuraly and the Khan’s court. Subsequently, their relationship completely ceased.

In November 1784, when Datov’s main detachments were located in the area of ​​the river. Sagyz, in order to carry out an attack, Khan Nuraly, fearing the wrath of the rebels, migrated with his subjects to the Ural Cossack line. The threat of attack hanging over the Cossack pickets, the complication of the relationship between Syrym and Nuraly Khan gave the government a reason to wage a full-scale fight against the rebels. Unable to conduct military operations against the rebels who were divided into small detachments, punitive troops attacked peaceful Kazakh villages, ruining entire clan units, capturing people, stealing livestock.

Remembering the lessons of the Pugachev war, the tsarist authorities tried to defeat the rebels with decisive actions, for which significant forces were allocated: under the command of Major General Smirnov, a united punitive detachment consisting of 237 Orenburg Cossacks and 2,432 people in the Bashkir cavalry with several guns set out into the steppe. However, February frosts and heavy snowfall did not allow these forces to approach the area where Syrym Datov’s main forces were located. Cut off from the main supply bases for forage and food products located on the Ural military line, the punitive detachment lost its mobility and, without meeting the rebels, was forced to return, ruining several peaceful villages and capturing their inhabitants.

Since the spring of 1785, Syrym Datov intensified his actions, relying on the Kazakhs of the Baybaktinsky, Tabynsky, Tamsky clans. The leader of the uprising sought to expand the scope of the liberation struggle, which naturally caused a response from the tsarist administration, which made a lot of efforts to quickly eliminate the main centers of the uprising. On March 15, 1785, a punitive detachment consisting of 1,250 armed Cossacks under the command of elders Kolpakov and Ponomarev set out on a campaign. Head of the Military Collegium, Prince G.A. Potemkin ordered the new detachment to oust the “Kyrgyz-Kaisak robbers” to the river. Emba, depriving them of the support of the villages. By that time, the number of rebels united under the banner of Syrym Datov in the Junior Zhuz reached seven thousand people.

To make it difficult for punitive forces to pursue the rebels, Syrym migrated to desert areas familiar to nomadic Kazakhs. It soon became clear that punitive detachments arriving from the shores of the deep-water Urals could not remain in unfavorable climatic conditions for long. Kolpakov's Cossack military group, changing the original route, suddenly attacked the Berish and Adai clans, turning a significant part of the peaceful villages against themselves.

In the spring of 1785, taking advantage of the Kazakhs’ preparation for summer migration, the royal punitive detachments once again invaded the steppe. A Cossack force of 405 people under the leadership of Prime Major Nazarov attacked the Kazakhs of the Tabyn clan. At the same time, one of the rebel groups undertook a diversionary maneuver by besieging the Sakharnaya fortress. However, being unable to withstand the fortress artillery, the detachment retreated. Sultan Aishuak's son Atak, who fought as part of the rebels, died, and Sultan Aishuak himself was detained by Nazarov and imprisoned in the Ural prison. The actions of the punitive forces against the relatives of Nuraly Khan caused an explosion of discontent among the most ardent supporters of the Khan of the Younger Zhuz and made it difficult for the joint actions of Cossack detachments and forces formed through the efforts of the closest relatives of the Khan's house.

Internal struggle in the Junior Zhuz, its influence on the course of the uprising

Until the spring of 1785, the main forces of the rebels were involved in the fight against Cossack detachments located along the Ural line. Syrym Datov did not attach much importance to the internal opponents of the uprising. Nuraly Khan's support for government policies caused a split among the highest feudal elite. Subsequently, Nuraly Khan and his entourage openly assisted the Cossack punitive detachments. In the face of intensifying political confrontation between supporters and opponents of the uprising, Syrym Datov came to the conclusion that it was necessary to remove Nuraly from the khan’s throne. He was not alone in his aspirations, since a significant part of the feudal stratum appreciated the personal authority and influence of Syrym Datov, knowing his popularity as the organizer of the uprising and a glorious hero, known far beyond the Younger Zhuz. In addition, Datov, who managed to create large armed detachments, looked in the eyes of the khan's opposition as the only leader capable of leading the fight not only against government forces, but also against Nuraly Khan, who had discredited himself in the eyes of the people as the main accomplice of tsarism in implementing its policy of seizing Kazakh lands . One of the manifestations of the weakening of Nuraly Khan’s personal power and the further increase in Syrym’s influence was the massive participation in the uprising of the Shekty, Serkesh, Taz, Tabyn clans, which were the support of the Khan’s court.

Governor of the Siberian, Ufa and Orenburg territories Baron O.A. Igelstrom, who had sufficiently studied Kazakh society, carefully observed the course of events. He understood that the main contradictions and political confrontation were caused by the colonization of land plots of Kazakh clans. Seeing Nuraly’s ambivalent position and his lack of influence among the Kazakh population, the baron gradually moved away from supporting the khan and preferred to pursue a wait-and-see policy, as he was convinced of the widespread support of the masses for Syrym Datov. In the context of intensifying internal political struggle in the summer of 1785, the congress of elders decided to remove Nuraly from the khan’s power. In the autumn of the same year, a meeting of the bais of the Junior Zhuz, supporting the decision of the elders, decided to remove Nuraly from power and not allow the election of his blood relatives to the khan's throne. Among the influential biys and elders who opposed Nuraly were representatives of more than 20 large clan divisions of the Junior Zhuz. Deprived of popular support, Nuraly in the spring of 1786 with a small group of his supporters fled under the cover of the Russian government to the Ural Cossack Line. Exiled to Ufa, he died in 1790. Tsarism took advantage of the difficult situation in the zhuz to eliminate the khan’s power and introduce a new system of governance, which was prepared, proposed to the government and introduced by Baron O.A. Igelstrom. The head of the Orenburg region was well aware of the alignment of political forces and considered the liquidation of the traditional power of the local Genghisids to be an urgent issue. According to Igelstrom's plan, all power in the Junior Zhuz was concentrated in the hands of the Border Court, which was supposed to include representatives of tsarist officials and the local feudal aristocracy. The border court, in turn, was directly subordinate to the governor general. The aul branch of the new administration was transferred to the management of the Border Court. According to the founders, these innovations could keep the “restless Kyrgyz” in complete obedience. Catherine II approved the reform project of O. Igelstrom.

After the removal of Nuraly, the major Kazakh feudal lords did not have a common opinion regarding the further development of the Junior Zhuz. There was no common position regarding the adoption of reform of the Russian government. The plan of Syrym Datov, whose influence increased even more after the deprivation of Nuraly Khan’s power, was to eliminate autocracy in the vast zhuz and transfer power to the council of the most popular biys among the masses. Under these conditions, part of the feudal lords, large clan rulers, who opposed the personal power of Nuraly, but still sought to preserve the khan’s power that had existed for centuries, were of the opinion of the revival of the people’s assembly (Kurultai) as a form of government of nomadic democracy, and were against the final elimination of the khan’s power. The consequence of this struggle was the promotion to the khan's throne of Sultan Kayyp, the son of Sultan Batyr, an opponent of the descendants of Abulkhair, whose eldest son was Khan Nuraly. Syrym Datov, in contrast to this group, supported Igelstrom’s reform project. This showed the inconsistency of Syrym Datov: while supporting the government project, the leader of the uprising retreated from his original positions, although he was very far from supporting tsarism. However, soon the Russian government itself opposed the planned reform.

The overthrow of the monarchy in France and the growth of anti-monarchical sentiments in Russia itself forced the tsarism to abandon Igelstrom’s reform, which was shaking the foundations of monarchical power in one of the parts of the colonial empire. Those positive changes that began to take place in the sphere of education and trade could not change the general colonial orientation of tsarism’s policy in the region.

tsarism colonial uprising dates

Natural and climatic conditions were reflected in the entire structure of economic life. The Kazakhs bred horses, camels, rams, cows and goats. A characteristic feature of the nomadic cattle breeding economy was its mobility (zhailau, kuzdeu, kystau, kokteu). By the beginning of the 19th century, the distribution of nomadic routes, summer pastures and wintering grounds had generally been established between individual clans.

Zhuzes were unique historical and geographical regions. At the beginning of the 19th century, the territory of the Junior Zhuz occupied the lands of the Western part of Kazakhstan, starting from the lower reaches of the Syr Darya to the Yaik and Tobol rivers, and 25 tribes lived here, united in three large unions: Alimuly, Bayuly, Zhetyru. The Middle Zhuz belonged to the territory starting from the Chinese border in the east to the Turgai depression in the west, and from Tashkent to the south of Siberia and lived - Argyns, Naiman, Kerey, Uak, Kypshak, Konyrat. The Senior Zhuz occupied the territory of Semirechye, South-Eastern and Southern Kazakhstan, inhabited by ancient tribes: Kangly, Dulat, Alban, Uysuni, Zhalair, Shaprashty, Ysty, Oshakty, Syrgeli.

Under Abylai Khan (1771-1778), the Kazakh Khanate was a strong, independent and centralized state. After his death, it finally split into three zhuzes (khanates, hordes) and was a fragmented state. In each zhuz, khans were proclaimed who did not want to obey the successor of Abylai Khan - Uali Khan (1781-1819).

Kazakh Khanate at the end of the 18th-beginning. XIX centuries Elimination of Khan's power in the Younger and Middle Zhuz

TOPIC 8. LOSS OF STATE INDEPENDENCE BY KAZAKHSTAN. UPRISINGS AND WARS OF NATIONAL LIBERATION

1. Kazakh Khanate at the end of the XVIII – beginning. 19th century Elimination of Khan's power in the Younger and Middle Zhuz

2. Kazakh uprisings in the first half of the 19th century

3. National liberation uprising under the leadership of Kenesary Kasymov

4. Military actions of tsarism to complete the conquest of the South of Kazakhstan

The pastoral-nomadic economic system of the Kazakhs was extensive in nature. By the beginning of the 19th century, the transition of the Kazakhs to haymaking gave a certain stability to the cattle breeding economy, strengthening its resistance to unfavorable natural conditions. The development of trade relations between the Kazakhs and the border Russian population, and certain types of livestock began to acquire special importance.

In the 19th century, agriculture also developed significantly among the Kazakhs. Agriculture has existed in the Senior Zhuz for a long time. By the 30s of the XIX century. In addition to the poor, the richer part of the Kazakhs began to engage in agriculture. The Kazakhs of the Senior Zhuz, who lived in Semirechye, near Lake Balkhash and the Ili River, grew millet, wheat, barley and reaped “magnificent harvests... thanks to artificial irrigation.”

In the Junior Zhuz, “the Kazakhs who lived in the area of ​​the Turgai rivers were engaged in arable farming, as well as along the valleys of all the rivers flowing into the Urals, along the Emba, Irgiz, Turgai, Tobol and their tributaries.”

In the Middle Zhuz, by the 40s of the 19th century, a significant part of the Kazakhs, mainly the Zhatak and Baygush, who lived near the border line, also began to switch to agriculture everywhere. Especially in the Kokchetav, Akmola, Bayan-Aul districts and in the Syr Darya region. The size of the crops of wheat, barley, oats, and millet was significant.

Agricultural tools were primitive: wooden omachi, iron ketmen and rare iron plows.

Kazakhs who lived along the banks of the Syr Darya and the river. Turgai and Irgiz were engaged in melon farming and gardening. They grew watermelons, melons, onions, carrots, pumpkins, corn, etc.

Kazakhs have also been involved in hunting for a long time, and hunting foxes and corsacs was especially profitable. Furs were used for their own needs and for sale to Russian merchants. The poorest part of the Kazakhs, the zhatak and egynshi, were engaged in fishing. We caught fish with a special net (au) and a scoop (suzgush).

Various crafts occupied a significant place in the Kazakh economy; leather production and the production of gunpowder, paints, wood and bone carving, metal and wool processing were developed. The craftsmen who made tent gratings and frames of the yurt-kergeshi were especially valued. The Kazakhs themselves made household items and some production tools from iron - scythes, sickles, plow tips. Jewelry was made from silver. All types of bladed weapons and guns were manufactured. Kazakh women skillfully made felts, carpets, embroidery, braid, felt hats, fur coats, shoes, etc.

Basically, handicraft products were sold by the Kazakhs on the domestic Kazakh market; only the need for industrial products, primarily consumer goods, involved the Kazakhs in commodity exchange with neighboring countries. In the first half of the 19th century, barter trade between Kazakhs and Russia became widespread in Kazakhstan. The main points of trade were Orenburg, Troitsk, the fortresses of Petropavlovskaya, Presnogorkovskaya, Omskaya, Semipalatinsk and Uralsk. Russia's trade with the Kazakhs was carried out with the help of Tatar merchants or clerks who knew the Kazakh language. Imports prevailed over exports. Exported: livestock and livestock raw materials, imported: cloth, linen, tea, sugar, tobacco, dishes, medicines, etc. Kazakhstan began to turn into a raw material base for Russia and a market for Russian goods of the lowest quality.

Gradually, internal trade began to develop, which was mainly of an exchange nature. Exchange trade took place not only between clans, but also between Kazakhs of individual zhuzes. In some places, trade was carried out for money.

With the development of barter trade in Kazakhstan, usurious transactions became widespread. Merchants and Siberian Cossacks “delivered goods on credit to the Kyrgyz, measuring and weighing them at the same time.”

Merchants began to appear among the Kazakhs, who organized special trading partnerships and lent money at usurious interest rates.

The development of commodity-money relations contributed to the emergence of farm labor. Most of the Kazakhs who went to earn money worked in the fisheries and were hired by wealthy linear residents. Only a small part worked in the mining industry (in the gold mines, coal mines of Bayanaul and the Karkaraly lead mine). The situation of Kazakh workers employed in linear Russian farms was difficult, since they rarely received payment for their work, so they fell into bondage with their masters.

Changes in economic conditions could not but affect the social relations of the Kazakhs. Until the 18th century, khans and sultans were “white bones” and occupied a dominant position in the socio-political life of the Kazakhs. Only a representative of the “white bone” could be elected Khan. Only Chingizids could bear the title of Sultan. In the first half of the 19th century, the “white bone” was already heterogeneous. Reasons: the growth of property inequality among the Chingizids and the policy of the tsarist government. The charters of 1822 and 1824 deprived the Chingizids of their privileges. The exception was the ruler sultans and senior sultans (aga sultans), who transferred to the royal service and received the hereditary title of nobility from the government. The descendants of the “white bone” merged with the rest of the mass.

Privileged position in Kazakh society at the end of the 18th – beginning of the 18th century. XIX century occupied by tribal elders - biys. They were the guardians and interpreters of customary law. Along with khans and sultans, they dealt with legal cases and participated in the division of income, in the process of concentration of communal lands. At the beginning of the 19th century, the clan nobility and sultans were no longer limited to the right to dispose of the best winter camps and hayfields of the clan. They began to seize them for private ownership. The tsarist government was also involved in seizing the best communal lands. All this led to the disruption of the traditionally established nomadic routes of the main Kazakh clans, which was one of the reasons for the crisis in the pasture and cattle breeding economy, which changed the structure of the Kazakh economy. Ordinary Kazakhs had to pay taxes. Taxes were regularly collected from agricultural regions - ushur (1/10 of the harvest) from cattle-breeding regions - zyaket (collection based on the number of livestock, of which a fortieth part should be allocated to the khan). Until the 19th century, the right to collect zyaket belonged only to the khans. After the liquidation of the khan's power in the 20s of the 19th century, the right to collect zyaketa passed to the sultans and partly biys. In the first half of the 19th century, these two taxes began to be collected regularly and they were mandatory. They were supplemented by natural duties - sogym, sybaga and other duties characteristic only of cattle breeding.

In the first half of the 19th century. The number of impoverished and impoverished Kazakhs increased, forced to seek work from their rich relatives or from Russian Cossacks, peasants or industrialists. The poor people - Kazakhs - kons, differed in their occupation - egynshi, jataki, baygush, baktachi.

The dominant group also included the Muslim nobility, represented by the Khojas and mullahs. The Khojas considered themselves descendants of the first followers of Muhammad. As representatives of the clergy, they were exempt from taxes and were subject only to the court of the sultans.

The Tarkhans occupied a privileged position. This title was given in the 19th century by the Russian authorities, in the Internal (Bukeevskaya) Order, for their special services to the state. For the first time, the title of Tarkhan was awarded to biys Y. Segirbaev and Y. Salamysov “for their diligent service during the mission to Khiva” in 1821 by the military governor Count Essen. In 1743, by decree of Empress Elizabeth, the title of Tarkhan was granted to batyr Zhanibek. The title of Tarkhan could be hereditary or personal. In the 19th century, Tarkhans did not enjoy any special advantage; they were only exempt from paying taxes. By the 60s of the 19th century, the number of Tarkhans did not exceed 20 people and the institution of Tarkhanism was on the verge of extinction.

The next category that played a prominent role in the socio-political life of the Kazakhs were the batyrs. Batyrs were initially military leaders of tribes and clans, then they began to play an equal role with the clan nobility in public life, associated with changes in the social relations of the Kazakhs and the stratification of the nomadic community. A major role in the rise of the social role of the batyrs was played by the wars of the Kazakhs with the Dzungars, and then with the Central Asian conquerors, during which the batyrs became leading figures in society and shared, and sometimes enjoyed, all the rights of the tribal nobility.

By the middle of the 19th century, a new social group, the baystvo, closely connected with the development of commodity-money relations, began to play a prominent role in Kazakh society.

Among the Kazakhs, a number of bais appear, leading large-scale trade and usury operations. They not only traded, but also willingly lent money to others for interest. The bai came from both the sultans and the clan nobility, but most of them came from the noble “black bones”.

The bais hired a worker for a certain fee on a contractual basis. They also engaged in caravan trade. Sometimes the bai themselves served as caravan bashis and traded in the Kazakh steppe, but in most cases they provided their camels to ordinary Kazakhs and received a certain payment from them for this. Bai received payment in money, sometimes in goods, for donating his camels for caravan trade. The feast that arose in the beginning. XIX century, was a new phenomenon in the economic life of the Kazakhs.

The existence of the Baygush, Egynsha, Jatak and Baktach testifies to the sharp social differentiation within Kazakh society, which was further intensified in connection with the active colonial expansion of tsarism in Kazakhstan.

In the first half of the 19th century, in Kazakh society there was such a category of people as kul slaves, but they did not play a significant role in the life of the Kazakhs and were on the verge of extinction. Slaves were acquired mainly in war, less often through purchase at markets. Slavery was domestic in nature among the Kazakhs. By the 60s of the 19th century it was preserved in legends. Subsequently, the descendants of slaves became full members of society or turned into Tyulenguts.

In the 18th century, Tyulenguts were primarily military servants of the khan and sultans. They often carried out important diplomatic missions. Changes in the social status of the Tyulenguts in the 19th century were associated with the decline of Kazakh statehood. Tyulenguts served as warriors, personal bodyguards of their master.

In the first half of the 19th century, the majority of Tyulenguts consisted of bankrupt Kazakhs. If in the 18th century only the descendants of the white bone sultans could have Tyulenguts, then in the first half of the 19th century the sultans began to lose their exclusive right to own Tyulenguts. Now representatives of the clan nobility - biys and elders - could also have Tyulenguts.

At the end of the XVIII - beginning. In the 19th century, Kazakh society fell into two opposing categories: on the one hand, the nobility - sultans, biys, bai, batyrs, on the other - ordinary Kazakhs - sharua, including the most disadvantaged of them: baygush, egynshi, zhatak and baktachi.

If at the beginning of the 19th century the economic development of Kazakh society followed the line of decomposition of the Kazakh community and changes in relations among various categories of society, then patriarchal clan life had not yet undergone any special changes in the field of ideology, life and in the organization of the social life of the Kazakhs. If earlier people of advanced age were called aksakals and turned to him for advice, then in the first half of the 19th century, any person endowed with power began to be called an aksakal: sultan-rulers, aga-sultans.

The tsarist government, knowing full well the internal and external political situation of the Kazakh Khanate, formally maintaining the khan's power, began to interfere in the internal affairs of the Kazakhs. So in 1781 Uali was approved as the khan of the Middle Zhuz (1781-1819), then in 1812 the second khan, Bokey (1812-1815), was appointed. After the death of Uali Khan in 1819, no new khans were appointed in the Middle Zhuz.

The Russian administration tried to satisfy the requests or complaints of the sultans and tribal rulers against their khans and Uali Khan, and was developing measures relating to the political, judicial and spiritual life of the Kazakhs. Russia was preparing to colonize the Middle Zhuz and eliminate the khan's power in the Kazakh steppe.

In the Junior Zhuz, at the end of the 18th - beginning. XIX centuries The khan's power was weak, Russia persistently tried to expand the colonization of Kazakh lands, oust the descendants of Abulkhair Khan from the political arena and destroy the khan's power in the Junior Zhuz.

Russia was in a hurry to eliminate the khan's power and used any means, such as: pitting influential khans, biys, batyrs, elders against each other or bribing them, as well as deception, cunning, and sometimes force.

If the territory of the Middle and Younger Zhuz at the end of the 18th - beginning. XIX centuries came under the influence of the Russian Empire, then the territory of the Senior Zhuz in the same period came under the authority of the Kokand Khanate. The Kazakhs first lost the Syrdara cities, then the entire territory of the Senior Zhuz.

Thus, by the end of the XVIII - beginning. XIX centuries The Kazakh Khanate was not a single, centralized state; it was divided into: Senior, Middle, Junior Zhuzes and the Bukey Khanate, each of which had its own rulers. By the beginning of the 19th century, the khans finally lost power over their territory and became dependent on Russia and the Khanate of Kokand.

Due to the intensification of Anglo-Russian rivalry in the 20-30s of the 19th century. For tsarism, the first priority was to gain a foothold in Kazakhstan and Central Asia. The strategic importance of Kazakhstan, located between Russia, the Central Asian khanates and China, accelerated the process of colonization of Kazakh lands. If by the beginning of the 19th century Kazakhstan was subordinate to Russia only nominally and not entirely, then in 1822-1824. with the adoption of the Charter and the liquidation of the khan's power on the territory of the Middle and Junior Zhuzes, Kazakhstan turns into a colony of the Russian Empire. “The Charter on the Siberian Kirghiz” (1822), authored by the Siberian military governor M. Speransky, covered the territory of the Middle Zhuz. “The Charter on the Orenburg Kirghiz” (1824), authored by the Orenburg military governor P. Essen, extended to the territory of the Junior Zhuz.

According to the “Charter on the Siberian Kirghiz” (1822), the territory of the Middle Zhuz was renamed the “region of the Siberian Kirghiz” and was subordinate to the West Siberian General Government, the center of which was initially located in Tobolsk, and from 1839 in Omsk. Thus, the khan's power was abolished. The Kazakhs living in Southwestern Siberia were united into internal districts, the rest of the Kazakhs of the Middle Zhuz made up the external districts. By 1838, 7 external districts were formed:

1) Karkaralinsky (1824); 2) Kokchetavsky (1824); 3) Ayaguzsky (1831); 4) Akmolinsky (1832); 5) Bayanaul (1833); 6) Kushmurunsky (1834); 7) Kokpektinsky (1838).

The districts were divided into volosts and auls.

The West Siberian General Government was headed by the Governor General, to whom the region of the Siberian Kyrgyz was subordinate. The districts were headed by district orders and their management was entrusted to the elders of the sultans (aga sultans), who were elected by the assembly of the sultans for three years. The districts included from 15 to 20 volosts. The volosts were governed by volost governors - sultans. Sultans who did not manage volosts retained their previous class affiliation, but they were strictly forbidden to interfere in government at any level. The volost consisted of 10 to 12 villages. The auls were headed by aul elders, each aul united from 50 to 70 tents. Kazakhs were allowed to roam only within their district. In order to move from one district to another, it was necessary to obtain permission from the local authorities.

The introduction of a new administrative division undermined the traditional land relations of the Kazakhs - the clan community collapsed. This was also facilitated by the allocation of land to senior sultans (from 5 to 7 sq. versts), assessors (2 sq. versts), volost sultans (1 sq. verst), translators, and Cossacks (15 sq. versts). Land suitable for agriculture, beekeeping, cattle breeding, etc. was allocated, and if the land was used for its intended purpose, then its owner could claim ownership of the land.

At the request of the tsarist government, the lands of the Kazakhs of the Middle Zhuz were redrawn, divided, and transferred from one subordination to another. Thus, the Omsk region went to the Tobolsk province, Semipalatinsk and Ust-Kamenogorsk districts were transferred to the Tomsk province.

According to the Charter of 1822, changes were made to court cases. The court was divided into three categories: 1) criminal cases (treason, robbery, profiteering, disobedience to authorities); 2) claims (minor cases decided by biys “according to Kyrgyz customs and laws”); 3) on complaints against the regional administration (complaints of Kazakhs against sultans, biys, volosts, etc.).

The charter introduced a tax system - each farm had to pay the government a tax in the amount of one head per 100 heads of livestock. For the first five years, Kazakhs who accepted the Charter were exempt from taxes. The Kazakhs had to carry out duties: guarding caravans, horse-drawn, postal, monitoring routes of communication.

A special paragraph of the Charter established the status of senior sultans, sultans - volost governors and assessors of district orders as government officials: the senior sultan received 1200 rubles per year, assessors of district orders - Russian - 1000 rubles, Kazakhs - 200 rubles, translators - 800 rub., volost sultans - 150 rubles each. and etc.

According to the Charter, Kazakhs were allowed to freely sell their goods both within their district and outside it. Certain articles of the Charter provided for the spread of literacy.

It was also noted that the introduction of the reform should be gradual, consistent and depending on the means of the regional government.

In 1838-1856. Several “Regulations...” were adopted, which regulated the management of the region of the Siberian Kirghiz and contributed to the further advancement of the colonial administration into the depths of the Kazakh steppes.

Insufficient knowledge of local conditions by government officials, the desire of the administration to speed up the process of eliminating the khan's power in the Middle Zhuz and the introduction of a new governance structure in the steppes led to a split in Kazakh society and anti-government sentiments. The Kazakh people stood up to defend their interests and throughout the 19th century, national liberation uprisings took place throughout Kazakhstan.

In 1824, another reform was carried out in Kazakhstan, which covered the territory of the Junior Zhuz, known as the “Charter on the Orenburg Kirghiz”. According to the Charter in the Junior Zhuz, the khan's power was abolished, the territory was subordinated to the Orenburg Governor-General and was divided into three parts: Western, Middle and Eastern. The units were headed by sultans - rulers. The first sultan rulers were: Karatai Nuralyuly, Temir Yeralyuly, Zhuma Kudaimendyuly. Under the sultan rulers there were Cossack detachments of 200 Cossacks, the “eyes and ears” of Russia. Sultans - rulers were entitled to a salary of 1200 rubles. in year.

According to the Charter of 1824, a border commission was also created, which consisted of a chairman, four advisers and four assessors from wealthy Kazakhs.

Unlike the Charter of 1822, all officials in the Junior Zhuz, starting from the aul elder and ending with the Sultan - the ruler, were not elected, but were appointed by the Orenburg Governor General on the recommendation of the Border Commission.

From 1831, distances began to be organized, then seniority. In the Western part - 8, in the Middle - 20, Eastern - 28 distances.

In 1837, a carriage tax was introduced - 1 ruble each. 50 kopecks silver per year from each tent. Elders, sultans (who held positions) and mullahs were exempt from paying taxes.

In 1844, the “Regulations on the management of the Orenburg Kirghiz” were adopted, which introduced the positions of trustees from Russian officials who were obliged to control the actions of the local administration. The villages lost their independence, and the tribal divisions of the Kazakhs were not taken into account.

At the beginning of the 19th century, tsarist Russia, in order to gain a foothold in Kazakhstan and turn it into its colony, eliminated the khan’s power and introduced the Russian system of administrative-territorial management. At first, the Kazakhs of the Junior Zhuz were governed through a border commission, and the Kazakhs of the Middle Zhuz were subordinate to the border administration, then in 1822-1824. The Russian Empire adopted Charters on the management of the Kazakhs of the Younger and Middle Zhuzes, who lived on the territory of the Orenburg and Siberian departments. These and subsequent reforms of the 30-50s. The 19th century created conditions for further colonization of Kazakh lands. By the beginning of the 60s. In the 19th century, all Kazakh lands were subordinated to the Russian Empire and new laws were adopted, more unified and closer to the management system in Russia.

Thus, at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries. The Kazakh steppe was experiencing a major political crisis. After the death of Abylai Khan, the Kazakh Khanate disintegrated again. The socio-economic situation in the Kazakh zhuzes began to deteriorate, and the power of the khans weakened. They were reluctant to submit to centralized control. This situation in the Kazakh khanates was dangerous and led to the fact that the Kokand Khanate subjugated the entire territory of the Senior Zhuz to its power, and the Russian Empire in 1822 and 1824 adopted laws that abolished the khan’s power in the Middle and Junior Zhuzes, and subsequent decrees and regulations led to the final loss of Kazakh statehood. “The reforms of 1822 and 1824 did not contribute to the conquest of the Kirghiz, but only increased their anger.” Confirmation of this is the national liberation uprising of the Kazakhs in the 19th century throughout Kazakhstan.

At the end of the XVIII beginning. XIX centuries On the territory of all three zhuzes and the Bukeevsky (Inner) Khanate, national liberation uprisings took place, led by warriors, biys, elders, sultans and khans. During this period, the colonial policy of tsarism in Kazakhstan intensified, one of the directions of which was: weakening the power of hereditary khans, pushing aside the clan nobility, introducing discord into the sultan's families, promoting weak-willed people and elevating unworthy people among the people, using international conflicts and pitting ancestors against each other. Therefore, numerous uprisings of the Kazakhs in the 19th century were led by khans, sultans, biys, i.e. Kazakh nobility.

Thus, after the defeat of the uprising of Syrym Datov (1773-1797) and the cessation of the movement of Sapura Matenkyzy (1775-1776), uprisings took place in the Junior Zhuz under the leadership of Sultan Karatai (1806-1816), Aryngazy Khan (1816-1820), Kaipkali Sultan (1827 -1829). In 1797-1805 In the Junior Zhuz, Aishuak was the khan. The Khan's Council, formed on the initiative of Syrym Datov, actually had no power. Sultan Aishuak, appointed by the tsarist government as Khan of the Younger Zhuz, did not suit the majority of the sultans. Among the dissatisfied was Sultan Karatay, the second son of Khan Nuraly, who, during the life of Nuraly Khan, ruled the numerous generation of Bayuly. The sultans of the Abulkhair family and the elders, having united around Karatai, sent a letter of petition to the Orenburg military governor O. Igelstrom with a request to support Karatai’s candidacy for khan’s power. But the tsarist government was afraid of strengthening the khan’s power in the Junior Zhuz, so Aishuak, whose influence among the sultans was insignificant, was appointed khan.

Sultan Karatay did not put up with this appointment and traveled around the villages of the Younger Zhuz and campaigned the Kazakhs for new elections. In 1805 Instead of Khan Aishuak, a new one is appointed - his son Zhantore. In 1806, on the banks of the river. Khobda convened a congress of elders, who expressed dissatisfaction with the new appointment of the tsarist government and declared Sultan Karatay khan of the Junior Zhuz. Karatay was forced to take the path of armed struggle against Zhantore and the tsarist government. During the struggle, Karatai captured all the transit caravan detachments, under the leadership of Herzenberg and Borodin. The Kazakhs launched raids on Russian military fortifications along the entire Lower Ural line.

In 1809, he decides to kill Jantore. The persecution of the tsarist government and revenge on the part of the relatives of the murdered khan forced Karatai to leave his native place and migrate to the borders of Khiva.

In 1812, Shergazy, the son of Aishuak, was confirmed as the khan of the Junior Zhuz, who, with the support of Russian troops, attacked the Sultan of Karatay. In response, Karatay called on all Kazakhs to oppose Shergazy Khan and the Russians. However, negotiations with the Orenburg governor N. Essen reconciled Karatai with the Russian administration and he stopped fighting. The authority of Karatai among the Kazakhs of the Junior Zhuz began to decline sharply. Karatay gradually moved away from liberation ideas and moved to the service of the tsarist administration, which did not skimp on gifts and promises. Thus ended the speech of Sultan Karatay, directed against the policy of the tsarist government, with the goal of stopping the penetration of Russian troops into the steppe and restoring the former freedom and independence of the Kazakhs of the Younger Zhuz. The Karatai movement covered the period 1806-1816. The superiority of Russian troops in weapons and numbers, promises and gifts from the tsarist administration forced Karatay to stop fighting. Subsequently (in 1824) he was appointed sultan-ruler of the Western part of the Horde. Another bright personality appeared on the political arena of the Junior Zhuz - Aryngazy.

Aryngazi was the great-grandson of the famous Sultan of the Junior Zhuz Batyr and the grandson of Khan Kaip. Abulgazy's father was elected khan of the Syr Darya Kazakhs. Aryngazi received his education while living in Central Asia, since the khans Kaip and Abulgazy were simultaneously khans of Khiva. Aryngazi was a supporter of the khan's power, Muslim culture, and Sharia.

In April 1816, after Karatay left political activity, the congress of tribal rulers elected Aryngazi khan. During these same years, Aryngazi managed to stop civil strife, for which he introduced a new form of government - the activities of the Zhasauls, the khan’s local representatives. In addition to the traditional court of biys, Aryngazi introduced a court of kazis, based on Sharia norms.

From 1816 to 1821, Aryngazi fought against the Khivans, but it was difficult to resist the regular raids of well-armed and numerous troops.

The Asian Committee of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs did not support the request for the approval of Aryngazy Khan, believing that his support was dangerous for Russia, since it sought to destroy all statehood in Kazakhstan. Aryngazy tried to resist Khiva and get help from Russia. The main goal of his activities was the creation of a unified khanate.

He managed to streamline the collection of taxes in the lands under his control. Special taxes were introduced for the maintenance of zhasauls and kazis. Some people who especially distinguished themselves before the state were exempt from taxes.

In 1820, the Khivans again attacked the Kazakhs. The village of Aryngazy was destroyed, his brothers were killed, his mother and sisters were captured. Under these conditions, Aryngazy decided to move closer to Russia. In the same year, Aryngazi accompanied the Russian embassy to Khiva. But the results of the negotiations upset the plans of the Russian government and in 1821 he was invited to St. Petersburg, supposedly for negotiations on recognizing him as the Kazakh khan. He was detained and exiled to Kaluga, where he died in 1833, at the age of 55.

In the 20-30s. XIX century There were uprisings under the leadership of Sarzhan Kasymov and Zholaman Tlenshiev.

Batyr Zholaman Tlenshiev first performed in the 20s. XIX century at the head of the Tabyn family against tsarist officials who took away the Novo-Iletsk region, rich in pastures, rivers and salt mines, from his family for the construction of a new highway. The Kazakhs, as fortifications were built, were forced out of their lands.

The Novo-Iletsk line consisted of 29 fortifications. The best part of the land - 7 thousand dessiatines in the area of ​​the Ural, Ilek, Berdyanka and Kurat rivers - the government began to populate with peasants and Cossacks of the Orenburg and Ural troops. The seizure of land was the reason for the Zholaman uprising. At first, Zholaman batyr wanted to resolve the issue of land peacefully, with justice. Wrote letters to the Orenburg military governor Essen in 1822, August 6. and 3 Sep. 1823, in which he recalled that the Kazakhs owned these lands unhindered until 1810, but after Russia occupied the river. Ilek, erected outposts and issued a ban on using them, the Kazakhs of the Younger Zhuz suffer need and deprivation, therefore asks him to remove all military fortifications along the Novo-Iletsk line, allow the return of “our envoys from St. Petersburg,” demands the release of the Kazakh Tyulenbai Kundukov, sentenced to settlement in Siberia and in the Orenburg prison in exchange for the release of Esaul Padurov, who was in captivity.

The letters remained unanswered, Zholaman’s troops began to attack border outposts, nomadic camps of the sultan-rulers, and military fortifications. Punitive detachments pursued the batyr and his soldiers, but to no avail. He had to fight the troops of the tsarist government and Khan Shergazy, who took an active part in all operations against him.

The uprising gained wide scope in 1835, when the Kazakhs of the Dzhagalbaylinsky, Zhappasky, Alchinsky, Argynsky, Kipchak families rose up to fight and lost lands along the Novo-Iletsk line between Orsk and Troitsk, in total more than 10,000 square meters. km. land. Having lost their lands, they were forced to roam near the border territory, and also pay for it. The Kazakhs expressed their protest by frequent raids on linear fortifications, trade caravans and the villages of the sultan rulers.

When the uprising of the Kazakhs of the Middle Zhuz began, led by Kenesary Kasymov, Zholaman Tlenshiev called on all Kazakhs of the Junior Zhuz to join the uprising of Kenesary.

Thus, Zholaman batyr, in the 20-30s of the 19th century. led an uprising aimed at returning the Kazakh lands of the Younger Zhuz, taken away by the tsarist government, called for Kenesary Kasymov to join the uprising and unite the forces of all Kazakhs to fight for freedom and independence.

The struggle for land, for lost pastures, the desire for the revival of the Kazakh Khanate are the main reasons for the uprising led by Sarzhan Kasymov. The introduction of the “Charter on the Siberian Kirghiz” in 1822, then propaganda work to explain the essence of the law, and from 1824 the appearance of Colonel Bronevsky’s expedition in the Karkaraly district served as the impetus for the uprising of Sarzhan Kasymov. The spontaneously rebelling Kazakhs began to gather in the area of ​​the Karkaraly Mountains. At the head of the rebellious masses were the Karkaraly and Kokchetav orders, which were created in February. 1824, Kenesary Kasymov’s brother became Sultan Sarzhan, who from 1824 to 1836. fought against royal officials and Agha-sultans. Sarzhan demanded the destruction of orders, the withdrawal of troops from Kazakh lands and the return of former freedom to the Kazakhs.

In 1825-1826 he was joined by Kazakhs from the Khozhansky, Talinsky, Aidabulsky and Baidavletovsky clans, Karakisevsky, Uysunovsky, Dzhagalbaylinsky and Chorovsky volosts.

In August 1826, Sarzhan Kasymov and his detachment undertook a campaign against the Karkaraly Prikaz. The destruction of the order was prevented thanks to the timely arrival of a detachment under the command of centurion Karbyshev. Poorly armed Kazakh troops were forced to retreat. A number of Sarzhan Kasymov’s military comrades were captured.

By the beginning of 1832, he, together with the brothers Yesengeldy and Yerzhan, attacked the villages of the biys of the Karkaraly district, who faithfully served Russia. A detachment of centurion Potanin was sent to pursue Sarzhan. A battle took place in the area of ​​the Sulu-Kol tract. Unable to withstand the onslaught of Potanin’s detachment, Sarzhan’s detachment retreated. Failure prompted Sarzhan in the same 1832 to turn to the Tashkent Kushbegi with a proposal to conclude an alliance for a joint struggle against the tsarist authorities. The West Siberian Governor-General Velyaminov, having gathered several detachments, was able to suppress the resistance. But Sarzhan did not stop fighting. During 1833, with a small detachment, he repeatedly attacked the villages of sultans and biys subject to tsarist Russia, as well as trade caravans, pickets and patrols. He tried to unite the scattered forces of the Kazakhs of the Senior Zhuz and the Syrdarya steppes for a joint fight against Russia, to win over the Kazakhs subject to the Tashkent Kushbegi.

In 1836, the Tashkent Kushbegi, having learned about this, villainously killed Sarzhan, Yesengeldy, Erzhan Kasymovs and 20 horsemen-Sarbass, who came to him for negotiations at his own request. The hopes of Tsarist Russia that the death of Sarzhan Kasymov would end the unrest in the steppe were not justified. 1837-1847 the majority of the population of the Kazakh zhuzes took part in the national liberation war under the leadership of Kenesary Kasymov.

In 1821, under the leadership of Tentek-tore, there was an uprising of the Kazakhs of the Senior Zhuz against Kokand rule. The number of rebels reached 12 thousand people. The rebels occupied the cities of Sairam, Chimkent, Aulie-Ata, and besieged several fortresses. The Kazakhs who inhabited the environs of Turkestan, Chimkent, Sairam and Aulie-Ata took part in the uprising. Kokand residents were forced to take emergency measures. An army led by Abul-Kalym-Atalyk was sent against the rebels. Tentek-tore divided his army into two parts. One part, led by Tentek-tore, closed in the Sairam fortress, the other in the Chimkent fortress. After a long siege, the rebels laid down their arms. Tentek Tore was forced to surrender and agree to annually pay a duty or travel tax to Kokand, zyaket, and send his son to Kokand with gifts.

The reasons for the failure of the anti-Kokand uprisings of the Kazakhs of the Senior Zhuz were: the military superiority of the Kokand people, fragmentation of actions, lack of unity in the ranks of the rebels, attempts to rely on the help of Bukhara, insufficient authority of the leaders of the uprisings among the Kazakhs. These protests were directed against violence, robbery and arbitrariness of the Kokand authorities; the Kazakhs fought for freedom and independence.

In 1822, the young son of Omar Khan, Madali Khan (Muhamed Ali) (1822-1842), ascended the Kokand throne, under whom the role of Kushbegi increased, independently ruling certain regions of the Khanate and Tashkent. The conquered part of the territory of the Senior Zhuz and the territory of the Syr Darya Kazakhs, together with the city of Tashkent, were given to Tashkent Kushbegi for an annual payment of 20 thousand chervonets. Tax oppression intensified even further. In subsequent years, infighting at the top reigned in the Kokand Khanate and this led to even greater suffering and disasters for the Kazakh people. Under Khudoyar Khan (1845-1875), not only the Kazakhs, but also the local working peasants experienced heavy oppression. The threat of loss of independence grew both from the Russian Empire and from Kokand and Khiva.

Particularly dangerous were significant movements of Russian troops to the south of Kazakhstan, which ultimately led in the 40-60s of the XIX century to the subordination of the territory of the Senior Zhuz to Russia.

The struggle of the Kazakhs of the Senior Zhuz for freedom and independence was long, difficult and unsuccessful. The Kazakhs of the Senior Zhuz were subordinated to the Kokand authorities, and the Kazakhs of the Younger and Middle Zhuzes were subordinated to Tsarist Russia, which, in competition with England and the Central Asian khanates, used all methods and means to establish its power in Kazakhstan and further Central Asia.

The uprisings of the Kazakhs of the Senior Zhuz against the Kokand people were national liberation in nature. Kazakh protests began immediately after the formation of the Kokand Khanate (1810) and the establishment of their power over the territory of the Kazakhs of the Senior Zhuz. Robbery, violence, and arbitrariness of the Kokand authorities continued until the seizure of the territory of the Central Asian khanates by Tsarist Russia. The heavy oppression of the Kokand authorities was continued by the authorities of Tsarist Russia.

In the 20-30s of the 19th century, uprisings occurred not only in the Senior Zhuz, but also in the Younger and Middle Zhuz. They were directed against the colonial policy of the Russian Empire. But the forces were unequal. It was difficult for the Kazakhs to resist the regular, well-trained Russian army. All the uprisings that took place at the beginning of the 19th century were defeated. But the Kazakhs did not give up, they continued the struggle for freedom and independence in the 30-40s and in the second half of the 19th century.

In 1836-1838 In the Bukey Khanate created by the Russian Empire as the Inner Horde - a state located beyond the border line, “inside” the Russian Empire and playing the role of a puppet state on the territory of Kazakhstan, an uprising took place under the leadership of Isatai Taimanov and Makhambet Utemisov. The state was founded in 1801, headed by Sultan Bukey, the son of Nuraly Khan. In 1812, Bukey received the khan title from Russia. The state existed until the death of Zhangir Khan (1845), after which the khan's power ceased to exist. The Bukey Khanate (Inner Horde) was governed by a Provisional Council until the Russian Empire subjugated the entire territory of Kazakhstan and passed laws that established Kazakhstan as a colony of Tsarist Russia.

In the 30s of the 19th century, changes took place in the Bukeev Khanate affecting all aspects of the life of the state. The “culprit” of everything was Zhangir Khan. The “innovations” had a particularly difficult impact on the position of ordinary Kazakhs and some of the nobility. Land relations, tax policy, education, traditions and life of the Kazakhs were changed. The number of poor and disadvantaged people grew, and the authority and influence of the khan's power fell.

In such a situation, there was an uprising of the Kazakh sharua - cattle breeders. Initially in the southern regions of the Bukeev Khanate, where there were convenient, rich pasture lands, it then covered the entire territory of the Khanate. Land pressure, extortions, production and lawlessness of the khan's administration were the main reasons for the uprising.

The uprising led by Isatai Taimanov and Makhambet Utemisov can be divided into several stages:

1833-1836 - the period of preparation for an armed uprising. Beginning 1837 - the beginning of the rebels' performance against Zhangir Khan. Ser. November 1837 - defeat in the Tastyube area. Ser. Dec. 1837 – the rebels moved to the left bank of the Urals. Ser. July 1838 - defeat near the river. Akbulak.

In 1833, Zhangir Khan appointed his father-in-law Karaulkhozhi Babazhanov as the ruler of the clan units that occupied the coast of the Caspian Sea with their nomads. Many sharua and aul elders were dissatisfied, since they knew Babazhanov as a cruel leader, a large moneylender - merchant and an active supporter and executor of the khan's power. The first to express their dissatisfaction were the Bersh clans, who roamed in the south, led by Sergeant Major Isatai Taimanov, an experienced organizer, manager, courageous and decisive person who possessed the quality of a military leader. Isatai Taimanov was joined by Makhambet Utemisov, who was known among the people as an orator, an improvisational poet, an intelligent and determined person, and a defender of the interests of ordinary Kazakhs.

By 1836, the uprising had spread throughout the Khanate.

A new stage of the national liberation uprising began - a rebel uprising against the Khan, which began in the spring of 1837. In the areas affected by the uprising, the khan's administration was almost completely paralyzed. The rebels burned houses, seized the property of the rich, and stole livestock. The number of participants in the uprising ranged from 1 thousand 500 to 4-5 thousand armed sarbaz. At the beginning of August 1837, large rebel forces led by Isatai and Makhambet approached the Khan's headquarters. As they moved, the participants in the uprising tried to replenish their ranks, with all their actions they demonstrated loyalty to those who supported them, and, conversely, they destroyed those villages and estates of noble people who did not help them. By October 1937, the detachments of Isatay and Makhambet were 60-70 versts from the Khan’s headquarters. At the end of October 1837 they were already 4-8 versts from it, and soon began a siege that lasted two weeks.

Well-armed regular and Cossack troops, separate military units from the Kulagin and Gorsk fortresses, the Zelenovsky outpost, and from Uralsk and Astrakhan were fielded against the rebels. The tsarist troops were led by Lieutenant Colonel Geke. Under Khan Zhangir, an armed detachment was organized, numbering about 600-700 people from Tolenguts and refugees. In total, Geke’s detachment consisted of 2 thousand soldiers and khan’s people. Posts in fortresses, outposts, and lines were blocked and reinforced. Isatay and Makhambet, seeing such a well-armed and clearly superior force of the tsarist government, decided to lift the siege of the khan's headquarters. Negotiations and correspondence with the khan and Geke did not yield positive results; the rebels were forced to retreat. A battle took place in the Tas-Tyube tract, which scattered the forces of the rebels. Geke's punitive detachments pursued a small group of rebels led by Isatai and Makhambet, but they were able to avoid an open clash and escape beyond the Urals. 500 rubles were promised for the capture of Isatay. silver Thus ended the second stage of the liberation uprising of the Kazakhs of the Bukeev Horde (November 1837).

The third stage took place on the left bank of the Urals, where Isatay and Makhambet began to assemble a detachment. By the spring of 1838, a large rebel detachment was created, which began to prepare for a decisive battle with the punitive detachments of tsarism and the Kazakh nobility.

On July 12, 1838, the main group of rebels, numbering about 500 people, met with a large united punitive detachment of Geke near the Kiyl River. Despite the resilience, dedication and heroism of the rebels, they were defeated and Isatai Taimanov was killed. Thus ended the uprising under the leadership of Isatai Taimanov and Makhambet Utemisov. The driving force of the uprising was the cattle breeders - Sharua, the poorest and poorest segments of the population of the Bukey Khanate. Also, some elders and biys not only of the Bukeev Khanate, but also of the Younger Zhuz took part in the uprising. The reasons for the defeat of the uprising were: 1) Poor weapons of the Kazakhs. It was impossible to resist and win with pikes and sabers, since the well-trained and armed regular royal army, Cossacks and supporters of Zhangir Khan were fielded against the rebels; 2) Heterogeneity of the rebels; 3) Lack of a clear action program; 4) Lack of organization; 5) The locality and limitations of the uprising, without connection with the liberation movements in other Kazakh zhuzes.

After the defeat of the uprising, the tsarist authorities and supporters of the khan began brutal persecution of its participants and supporting residents of the villages. Cossack hundreds and special punitive detachments captured active participants in the uprising, ravaged villages, stole livestock, and took away property.

Many participants in the uprising were punished with canes, sentenced to hard labor or serfdom, sent to prison companies, deported to Siberia, and sent to eternal settlement.

The brothers Makhambet Utemisov, Ismail and Suleimen and the faithful associates of Isatay Utemisov-Nurgis, Irgis, Kuchum Sartov and their father Sart Eralin were punished especially cruelly.

Many participants in the uprising were kept in prison without trial or investigation, and many died before trial.

After the defeat of the uprising, Makhambet Utemisov was able to hide and for a long time, with his patriotic poems, he called on the Kazakh people to freedom and independence.

Sultan Baimukhamed, one of those who took an active part in suppressing the uprising, sent his people to the places where Makhambet was hiding - Khorunzhiy Ikhlyas Tulyaev and Yusup Utevliev, who treacherously cut off the poet’s head on October 20, 1846. The poet's house was destroyed, and his head was taken to headquarters.

People's liberation uprising of 1836-1838. in the Bukey Horde and in the western part of the Junior Zhuz under the leadership of Isatay Taimanov and Makhambet Utemisov, it occupies a significant place in Kazakhstan’s acquisition of independence. They and the participants in the uprising fearlessly fought against the oppression of the local nobility and the Ural Cossacks and the tsarist army, who actively supported the colonialist policy of the Russian Empire. Many of the rebels gave their lives in the struggle for freedom and independence: the sons of Isatay - Zhakiya, Akay and Ospan; Suleiman and Kozhakhmet Utemisov; Alman, Zhumabay and Zharmukhamet Togaev; Ershe, Nursha and Begim Sartaevs; Kaldybai Kosayakov; Kabylanbay Kaldybaev and many other associates of Isatay and Makhambet.